Peptide modulators of angiogenesis and use thereof

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods that are useful for modulating blood vessel formation, as well as methods that provide for the systematic and efficient identification of angiogenesis modulators, are described. As described in more detail below, a systematic computational methodology based on bioinformatics was used to identify novel peptide modulators of angiogenesis that have been characterized in vitro and/or in vivo.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/522,042, filed Sep. 22, 2010 which is the U.S. national phase application, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT International Application Ser. No. PCT/US2008/000036, filed Jan. 3, 2008, designating the United States and published in English, which claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/878,579, filed on Jan. 3, 2007, the entire contents of the aforementioned patent applications are incorporated herein by this reference.

STATEMENT OF RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

This work was supported by the following grant from the National Institutes of Health, Grant No.: HL079653 and CA103175. The government may have certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Aug. 8, 2013, is named 67101DIV_(—)71699_ST25.txt and is 376,832 bytes in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Angiogenesis, the process of developing a novel vascular network from a pre-existing one, is tightly controlled by various endogenous regulators. These regulatory elements include both pro- and anti-angiogenic proteins that finely modulate the neovascular morphological and functional characteristics. Where the regulation of such processes is disrupted a variety of pathological conditions can ensue, including neoplasia, hematologic malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, endometriosis, pathologic obesity, and ischemic heart and limb disease. An urgent need exists for angiogenesis modulators that can be used as therapeutics for these and other numerous angiogenesis related diseases and conditions. While some promising angiogenesis modulators have been identified, to date, the quest for the experimental identification of such agents has been an empirical time-consuming process. Improved angiogenesis modulators and methods for systematically identifying and assessing the biological activity of such agents are urgently required.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As described below, the present invention generally features angiogenesis modulators, related prophylactic and therapeutic methods, as well as screening methods for the identification of such agents.

The invention generally provides peptides that reduce blood vessel formation in a cell, tissue, or organ. Accordingly, in one aspect the invention features an isolated peptide or analog thereof containing one of the following amino acid sequences:

(SEQ ID NO: 2287) TSP Motif: W-X(2)-C-X(3)-C-X(2)-G CXC Motif: G-X(3)-C-L (SEQ ID NO: 2288) Collagen Motif: C-N-X(3)-V-C Collagen Motif: P-F-X(2)-C (SEQ ID NO: 2289) Somatotropin Motif: L-X(3)-L-L-X(3)-S-X-L (SEQ ID NO: 2290) Serpin Motif: L-X(2)-E-E-X-P; where X denotes a variable amino acid and the number in parentheses denotes the number of variable amino acids; W denotes tryptophan; C denotes cysteine, G denotes glycine, V denotes valine; L denotes leucine, P is proline, and where the peptide reduces blood vessel formation in a cell, tissue or organ. In one embodiment, the peptide contains an amino acid sequence shown in Table 1-6, 8 and 9. In yet another embodiment, the peptide further contains at least 5, 10, 15, or 20 amino acids flanking the naturally occurring sequence.

In another aspect, the invention features an isolated peptide or analog thereof having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% identity to an amino acid sequence shown in Table 1-10 or otherwise disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the peptide contains an amino acid sequence shown in Table 1-10. In another embodiment, the peptide consists essentially of an amino acid sequence shown in Table 1-10. In yet another embodiment, the peptide further contains at least 5, 10, 15, or 20 amino acids flanking the naturally occurring sequence.

In yet another aspect, the invention features an isolated peptide or analog thereof containing or consisting essentially of a sequence having at least 85% 90%, 95%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(SEQ ID NO: 2291) Placental Lactogen LLRISLLLIESWLE (SEQ ID NO: 2292) hGH-V LLRISLLLTQSWLE (SEQ ID NO: 2293) GH2 LLHISLLLIQSWLE (SEQ ID NO: 2294) Chorionic somatomammotropin LLRLLLLIESWLE (SEQ ID NO: 2295) Chorionic somatomammotropin LLHISLLLIESRLE hormone-like 1 (SEQ ID NO: 2296) Transmembrane protein 45A LLRSSLILLQGSWF (SEQ ID NO: 2297) IL-17 receptor C RLRLLTLQSWLL (SEQ ID NO: 2298) Neuropeptide FF receptor 2 LLIVALLFILSWL (SEQ ID NO: 2299) Brush border myosin-I LMRKSQILISSWF where the peptide reduces blood vessel formation in a cell, tissue or organ.

In yet another aspect, the invention features an isolated peptide or analog thereof containing or consisting essentially of a sequence having at least 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(SEQ ID NO: 2300) DEAH (SEQ ID NO: 2301) box polypeptide 8 EIELVEEEPPF (SEQ ID NO: 2302) Caspase 10 AEDLLSEEDPF (SEQ ID NO: 2303) CKIP-1 TLDLIQEEDPS where the peptide reduces blood vessel formation in a cell, tissue or organ.

In yet another aspect, the invention features an isolated peptide or analog thereof containing or consisting essentially of a sequence having at least 85% amino acid sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

(SEQ ID NO: 2304) Collagen type IV, alpha6 LPRFSTMPFIYCNINEVCHY fibril where the peptide reduces blood vessel formation in a cell, tissue or organ.

In another aspect, the invention features a pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of an isolated peptide containing an amino acid sequence shown in Table 1-10 or a peptide analog thereof in a pharmacologically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the composition contains at least one peptide that is a TSP, CXC, Collagen IV, Somatotropin, or Serpin derived peptide. In another embodiment, the composition contains at least two, three, four, or five peptides selected from the group consisting of TSP, CXC, Collagen IV, Somatotropin, and Serpin derived peptides. In one embodiment, the composition contains at least a CXC derived peptide and a TSP1 derived peptide. In another embodiment, the CXC derived peptide contains the amino acid sequence NGRKACLNPASPIVKKIIEKMLNS (SEQ ID NO: 2305). In yet another embodiment, the TSP1 repeat-containing protein contains the amino acid sequence GPWEPCSVTCSKGTRTRRR (SEQ ID NO: 2306).

In a related aspect, the invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the peptide of any previous aspect.

In another related aspect, the invention features an expression vector containing the nucleic acid molecule of the previous aspect, where the nucleic acid molecule is positioned for expression. In one embodiment, the vector includes a promoter suitable for expressing the nucleic acid molecule in a mammalian cell.

In yet another related aspect, the invention features a host cell containing the peptide of any previous aspect or a nucleic acid molecule encoding the peptide. In one embodiment, the cell is a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell (e.g., mammalian, human). In another embodiment, the cell is in vitro or in vivo.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of reducing blood vessel formation in a tissue or organ, the method involving contacting an endothelial cell, or a tissue or organ containing an endothelial cell with an effective amount of a peptide of any previous aspect, thereby reducing blood vessel formation in the tissue or organ.

In yet another aspect, the invention features a method of reducing endothelial cell proliferation, migration, survival, or stability in a tissue or organ, the method involving contacting tissue or organ containing an endothelial cell with an effective amount of a peptide of any previous aspect.

In still another aspect, the invention features a method of increasing endothelial cell death in a tissue or organ, the method involving contacting a tissue or organ containing an endothelial cell with an effective amount of a peptide of any o previous aspect, thereby increasing endothelial cell death in the tissue or organ.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of reducing blood vessel formation in a tissue or organ the method involving contacting the tissue, or organ with a vector encoding a peptide of any previous aspect; and expressing the peptide in a cell of the tissue or organ, thereby reducing blood vessel formation in the tissue or organ.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of modulating angiogenesis in a cell, tissue, or organ, the method involving contacting the cell, tissue, or organ with an effective amount of an agent that binds CD36, CD47 or CXCR3.

In another aspect, the invention features a method for treating a neoplasia in a subject in need thereof, the method involving administering an effective amount of a peptide of any previous aspect. In one embodiment, at least one peptide binds CD36, CD47 or CXCR3. In another embodiment, the method involves administering two peptides, one that binds CD36 or CD47 and one that binds CXCR3. In yet another embodiment, the method reduces angiogenesis in a neoplastic tissue. In yet another embodiment, the neoplasia is lung carcinoma.

In another aspect, the invention features a kit containing an effective amount of a peptide of any previous aspect, and directions for using the peptide to treat a disease characterized by undesirable or excess angiogenesis.

In various embodiments of any of the above aspects, the peptide contains a motif delineated herein or an amino acid sequence delineated herein. In various embodiments of the above aspects, the peptide contains an alteration in one amino acid relative to a reference sequence shown in Tables 1-10. In various embodiments of the above aspects, the peptide contains at least one modification (e.g., a sequence alteration or post-translational modification that increases protease resistance, biodistribution, or therapeutic efficacy). In various embodiments of the above aspects, the peptide is cyclized or pegylated. In other embodiments delineated herein, the sequence alteration replaces a cysteine with aminobutyric acid (Abu), serine or alanine, replaces methionine with isoleucine, or replaces lysine with arginine. In various embodiments of the above aspects, the peptide contains at least 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 amino acids of a naturally occurring amino acid sequence described by an NCBI reference number listed in Table 1-10. In various embodiments of the above aspects, the tissue or organ is in vitro or in vivo. In other embodiments, the cell is a human cell, tissue, or organ. In yet other embodiments, the cell is a neoplastic cell (lung carcinoma cell). In another embodiment, the method treats a neoplasia (e.g., lung carcinoma). In another embodiment, the method treats corneal or choroidal neovascularization. In another embodiment, the number or volume of blood vessels in the tissue or organ (e.g., mammalian tissue or organ) are reduced by at least 10%, 25%, 30%, 50%, 75% or more relative to a control condition. In another embodiment, the peptide acts on an endothelial cell. In various embodiments of the above aspects, the method involves contacting the cell tissue or organ with two agents, one that binds CD36 or CD47 and one that binds CXCR3 (e.g., a CXC derived peptide or a TSP1 derived peptide). In another embodiment, the method involves administering at least two peptides, such as a CXC derived peptide and a TSP1 derived peptide; a peptide that binds CD36 or CD47 and a peptide that binds BetaI or BetaIII integrin; a TSP derived peptide and a collagen IV derived peptide. In various embodiments of the above aspects, the method involves administering a combination of two, three, four, or more peptides shown in Table 1-10.

Definitions

By “analog” is meant a chemical compounds having a structure that is different from the general structure of a reference agent, but that functions in a manner similar to the reference agent. For example, a peptide analog having a variation in sequence or having a modified amino acid.

By “thrombospondin (TSP) derived peptide” is meant a peptide comprising a TSP motif: W-X(2)-C-X(3)-C-X(2)-G (SEQ ID NO: 2287). Exemplary TSP derived peptides are shown in Tables 1 and 2. If desired, the peptide includes at least about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or more amino acids that flank the carboxy or amino terminus of the motif in the naturally occurring amino acid sequence of the peptide. TSP1 derived peptides include, for example, those derived from proteins WISP-1 (SPWSPCSTSCGLGVSTRI (SEQ ID NO: 2307)), NOVH (TEWTACSKSCGMGFSTRV (SEQ ID NO: 2308)) and UNC5C (TEWSVCNSRCGRGYQKRTR (SEQ ID NO: 2309)).

By “CXC derived peptide” is meant a peptide comprising a CXC Motif: G-X(3)-C-L. Exemplary CXC derived peptides are shown in Table 3. If desired, the peptide includes at least about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or more amino acids that flank the carboxy or amino terminus of the motif in the naturally occurring amino acid sequence. CXC derived peptides include, for example, those derived from proteins GRO-α/CXCL1 (NGRKACLNPASPIVKKIIEKMLNS (SEQ ID NO: 2305)), GRO-γ/MIP-2β/CXCL3 (NGKKACLNPASPMVQKIIEKIL (SEQ ID NO: 2310)), and ENA-78/CXCL5 (NGKEICLDPEAPFLKKVIQKILD (SEQ ID NO: 2311)).

By “Collagen IV derived peptide” is meant a peptide comprising a C-N-X(3)-V-C (SEQ ID NO: 2288) or P-F-X(2)-C collagen motif. Exemplary collagen IV derived peptides are shown in Table 5. If desired, the peptide includes at least about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or more amino acids that flank the carboxy or amino terminus of the motif in the naturally occurring amino acid sequence. Type IV collagen derived peptides include, for example, LRRFSTMPFMFCNINNVCNF (SEQ ID NO: 2312) and FCNINNVCNFASRNDYSYWL (SEQ ID NO: 2313), and LPRFSTMPFIYCNINEVCHY (SEQ ID NO: 2304).

By “Somatotropin derived peptide” is meant a peptide comprising a Somatotropin Motif: L-X(3)-L-L-X(3)-S-X-L (SEQ ID NO: 2289). Exemplary somatotropin derived peptides are shown in Table 8. If desired, the peptide includes at least about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or more amino acids that flank the carboxy or amino terminus of the motif in the naturally occurring amino acid sequence. Somatotropin derived peptides include, for example, those shown in FIG. 10A.

By “Serpin derived peptide” is meant a peptide comprising a Serpin Motif: L-X(2)-E-E-X-P. Exemplary serpin derived peptides are shown in Table 9. If desired, the peptide includes at least about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or more amino acids that flank the carboxy or amino terminus of the motif in the naturally occurring amino acid sequence. Serpin derived peptides include, for example, those shown in FIG. 10B.

By “Beta 1 integrin” is meant a polypeptide that binds a collagen IV derived peptide or that has at least about 85% identity to NP_(—)596867 or a fragment thereof.

By “Beta 3 integrin” is meant a polypeptide that binds a collagen IV derived peptide or that has at least about 85% identity to P05106 or a fragment thereof.

By “CD36” is meant a CD36 glycoprotein that binds to a thrombospondin-derived peptide or that has at least about 85% identity to NP_(—)001001548 or a fragment thereof. CD36 is described, for example, by Oquendo et al., “CD36 directly mediates cytoadherence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitized erythrocytes,” Cell 58: 95-101, 1989.

By “CD47” is meant a CD47 glycoprotein that binds to a thrombospondin-derived peptides or that has at least about 85% identity to NP_(—)000315 or a fragment thereof. CD47 is described, for example, by Han et al., “CD47, a ligand for the macrophage fusion receptor, participates in macrophage multinucleation.” J. Biol. Chem. 275: 37984-37992, 2000.

By “CXCR3” is meant a G protein coupled receptor or fragment thereof having at least about 85% identity to NP_(—)001495. CXCR3 is described, for example, by Trentin et al., “The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is expressed on malignant B cells and mediates chemotaxis.” J. Clin. Invest. 104: 115-121, 1999.

By “blood vessel formation” is meant the dynamic process that includes one or more steps of blood vessel development and/or maturation, such as angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, formation of an immature blood vessel network, blood vessel remodeling, blood vessel stabilization, blood vessel maturation, blood vessel differentiation, or establishment of a functional blood vessel network.

By “angiogenesis” is meant the growth of new blood vessels originating from existing blood vessels. Angiogenesis can be assayed by measuring the total length of blood vessel segments per unit area, the functional vascular density (total length of perfused blood vessel per unit area), or the vessel volume density (total of blood vessel volume per unit volume of tissue).

By “vasculogenesis” is meant the development of new blood vessels originating from stem cells, angioblasts, or other precursor cells.

By “blood vessel stability” is meant the maintenance of a blood vessel network.

By “alteration” is meant a change in the sequence or in a modification (e.g., a post-translational modification) of a gene or polypeptide relative to an endogeneous wild-type reference sequence.

By “ameliorate” is meant decrease, suppress, attenuate, diminish, arrest, or stabilize the development or progression of a disease.

By “antibody” is meant any immunoglobulin polypeptide, or fragment thereof, having immunogen binding ability.

In this disclosure, “comprises,” “comprising,” “containing” and “having” and the like can have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law and can mean “includes,” “including,” and the like; “consisting essentially of” or “consists essentially” likewise has the meaning ascribed in U.S. Patent law and the term is open-ended, allowing for the presence of more than that which is recited so long as basic or novel characteristics of that which is recited is not changed by the presence of more than that which is recited, but excludes prior art embodiments.

A “cancer” in an animal refers to the presence of cells possessing characteristics typical of cancer-causing cells, for example, uncontrolled proliferation, loss of specialized functions, immortality, significant metastatic potential, significant increase in anti-apoptotic activity, rapid growth and proliferation rate, and certain characteristic morphology and cellular markers. In some circumstances, cancer cells will be in the form of a tumor; such cells may exist locally within an animal, or circulate in the blood stream as independent cells, for example, leukemic cells.

By “disease” is meant any condition or disorder that damages or interferes with the normal function of a cell, tissue, or organ.

By “an effective amount” is meant the amount required to ameliorate the symptoms of a disease relative to an untreated patient. The effective amount of active compound(s) used to practice the present invention for therapeutic treatment of an angiogenesis-associated disease varies depending upon the manner of administration, the age, body weight, and general health of the subject. Ultimately, the attending physician or veterinarian will decide the appropriate amount and dosage regimen. Such amount is referred to as an “effective” amount.

By “fragment” is meant a portion of a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule. This portion contains, preferably, at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the entire length of the reference nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide. A fragment may contain 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or 1000 nucleotides or amino acids.

By “isolated nucleic acid molecule” is meant a nucleic acid (e.g., a DNA) that is free of the genes, which, in the naturally occurring genome of the organism from which the nucleic acid molecule of the invention is derived, flank the gene. The term therefore includes, for example, a recombinant DNA that is incorporated into a vector; into an autonomously replicating plasmid or virus; or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote; or that exists as a separate molecule (for example, a cDNA or a genomic or cDNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease digestion) independent of other sequences. In addition, the term includes an RNA molecule which is transcribed from a DNA molecule, as well as a recombinant DNA which is part of a hybrid gene encoding additional polypeptide sequence.

By an “isolated polypeptide” is meant a polypeptide of the invention that has been separated from components that naturally accompany it. Typically, the polypeptide is isolated when it is at least 60%, by weight, free from the proteins and naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight, a polypeptide of the invention. An isolated polypeptide of the invention may be obtained, for example, by extraction from a natural source, by expression of a recombinant nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide; or by chemically synthesizing the protein. Purity can be measured by any appropriate method, for example, column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or by HPLC analysis.

By “marker” is meant any protein or polynucleotide having an alteration in expression level or activity that is associated with a disease or disorder.

“By “neoplasia” is meant a disease that is caused by or results in inappropriately high levels of cell division, inappropriately low levels of apoptosis, or both. Solid tumors, hematological disorders, and cancers are examples of neoplasias.

By “operably linked” is meant that a first polynucleotide is positioned adjacent to a second polynucleotide that directs transcription of the first polynucleotide when appropriate molecules (e.g., transcriptional activator proteins) are bound to the second polynucleotide.

By “peptide” is meant any fragment of a polypeptide. Typically peptide lengths vary between 5 and 1000 amino acids (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 500, 750, and 1000).

By “polypeptide” is meant any chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification.

By “promoter” is meant a polynucleotide sufficient to direct transcription.

By “reduce” is meant a decrease in a parameter (e.g., blood vessel formation) as detected by standard art known methods, such as those described herein. As used herein, reduce includes a 10% change, preferably a 25% change, more preferably a 40% change, and even more preferably a 50% or greater change.

By “reference” is meant a standard or control condition.

By “subject” is meant a mammal, including, but not limited to, a human or non-human mammal, such as a bovine, equine, canine, ovine, or feline.

By “substantially identical” is meant a polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule exhibiting at least 50% identity to a reference amino acid sequence (for example, any one of the amino acid sequences described herein) or nucleic acid sequence (for example, any one of the nucleic acid sequences described herein). Preferably, such a sequence is at least 60%, more preferably 80% or 85%, and even more preferably 90%, 95% or even 99% identical at the amino acid level or nucleic acid to the sequence used for comparison.

Sequence identity is typically measured using sequence analysis software (for example, Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705, BLAST, BESTFIT, GAP, or PILEUP/PRETTYBOX programs). Such software matches identical or similar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to various substitutions, deletions, and/or other modifications. Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine, alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine. In an exemplary approach to determining the degree of identity, a BLAST program may be used, with a probability score between e⁻³ and e⁻¹⁰⁰ indicating a closely related sequence.

“Sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences includes reference to the residues in the two sequences which are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window, and can take into consideration additions, deletions and substitutions. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (for example, charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not deleteriously change the functional properties of the molecule. Where sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences which differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have sequence similarity. Approaches for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, for example, according to the algorithm of Meyers and Miller, Computer Applic. Biol. Sci., 4: 11-17, 1988, for example, as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif., USA).

“Percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions, substitutions, or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions, substitutions, or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

The term “substantial identity” or “homologous” in their various grammatical forms in the context of polynucleotides means that a polynucleotide comprises a sequence that has a desired identity, for example, at least 60% identity, preferably at least 70% sequence identity, more preferably at least 80%, still more preferably at least 90% and even more preferably at least 95%, compared to a reference sequence using one of the alignment programs described using standard parameters. One of skill will recognize that these values can be appropriately adjusted to determine corresponding identity of proteins encoded by two nucleotide sequences by taking into account codon degeneracy, amino acid similarity, reading frame positioning and the like. Substantial identity of amino acid sequences for these purposes normally means sequence identity of at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and even more preferably at least 95%.

Another indication that nucleotide sequences are substantially identical is if two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions. However, nucleic acids which do not hybridize to each other under stringent conditions are still substantially identical if the polypeptides which they encode are substantially identical. This may occur, for example, when a copy of a nucleic acid is created using the maximum codon degeneracy permitted by the genetic code. One indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the polypeptide which the first nucleic acid encodes is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid, although such cross-reactivity is not required for two polypeptides to be deemed substantially identical.

An “expression vector” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, bearing a series of specified nucleic acid elements that enable transcription of a particular gene in a host cell. Typically, gene expression is placed under the control of certain regulatory elements, including constitutive or inducible promoters, tissue-preferred regulatory elements, and enhancers.

A “recombinant host” may be any prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell that contains either a cloning vector or expression vector. This term also includes those prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells that have been genetically engineered to contain the cloned gene(s) in the chromosome or genome of the host cell.

The term “operably linked” is used to describe the connection between regulatory elements and a gene or its coding region. That is, gene expression is typically placed under the control of certain regulatory elements, including constitutive or inducible promoters, tissue-specific regulatory elements, and enhancers. Such a gene or coding region is said to be “operably linked to” or “operatively linked to” or “operably associated with” the regulatory elements, meaning that the gene or coding region is controlled or influenced by the regulatory element.

A “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison. A reference sequence may be a subset of or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence. For polypeptides, the length of the reference polypeptide sequence will generally be at least about 5, 10, or 15 amino acids, preferably at least about 20 amino acids, more preferably at least about 25 amino acids, and even more preferably about 35 amino acids, about 50 amino acids, about 100 amino acids, or about 150 amino acids. For nucleic acids, the length of the reference nucleic acid sequence will generally be at least about 50 nucleotides, preferably at least about 60 nucleotides, more preferably at least about 75 nucleotides, and even more preferably about 100 nucleotides about 300 nucleotides or about 450 nucleotides or any integer thereabout or therebetween.

Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math., 2: 482, 1981; by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol., 48: 443, 1970; by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 8: 2444, 1988; by computerized implementations of these algorithms, including, but not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program by Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif., GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 7 Science Dr., Madison, Wis., USA; the CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins and Sharp, Gene, 73: 237-244, 1988; Corpet, et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 16:881-90, 1988; Huang, et al., Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 8:1-6, 1992; and Pearson, et al., Methods in Molecular Biology, 24:7-331, 1994. The BLAST family of programs which can be used for database similarity searches includes: BLASTN for nucleotide query sequences against nucleotide database sequences; BLASTX for nucleotide query sequences against protein database sequences; BLASTP for protein query sequences against protein database sequences; TBLASTN for protein query sequences against nucleotide database sequences; and TBLASTX for nucleotide query sequences against nucleotide database sequences. See, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 19, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1995. New versions of the above programs or new programs altogether will undoubtedly become available in the future, and can be used with the present invention.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values provided herein refer to the value obtained using the BLAST 2.0 suite of programs, or their successors, using default parameters (Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 2:3389-3402, 1997). It is to be understood that default settings of these parameters can be readily changed as needed in the future.

As those ordinary skilled in the art will understand, BLAST searches assume that proteins can be modeled as random sequences. However, many real proteins comprise regions of nonrandom sequences which may be homopolymeric tracts, short-period repeats, or regions enriched in one or more amino acids. Such low-complexity regions may be aligned between unrelated proteins even though other regions of the protein are entirely dissimilar. A number of low-complexity filter programs can be employed to reduce such low-complexity alignments. For example, the SEG (Wooten and Federhen, Comput. Chem., 17:149-163, 1993) and XNU (Clayerie and States, Comput. Chem., 17:191-1, 1993) low-complexity filters can be employed alone or in combination.

As used herein, the terms “treat,” “treating,” “treatment,” and the like refer to reducing or ameliorating a disorder and/or symptoms associated therewith. It will be appreciated that, although not precluded, treating a disorder or condition does not require that the disorder, condition or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated.

A “tumor,” as used herein, refers to all neoplastic cell growth and proliferation, whether malignant or benign, and all precancerous and cancerous cells and tissues.

As used herein, the terms “prevent,” “preventing,” “prevention,” “prophylactic treatment” and the like refer to reducing the probability of developing a disorder or condition in a subject, who does not have, but is at risk of or susceptible to developing a disorder or condition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include a shaded 4-letter motif common in all the experimentally tested TSP-1 containing proteins (SEQ ID NOS 2324-2352, respectively, in order of appearance). At the bottom of the figure is the consensus sequence.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show a set of amino acid sequences that included shaded common motifs of the TSP-1 containing peptides using a threshold of 60% (FIG. 2A, SEQ ID NOS 2329-2331, 2333-2337, 2339, 2338, 2341-2344, 2347 and 2350-2352, respectively, in order of appearance) and 45% (FIG. 2B, SEQ ID NOS 2326, 2324-2325, 2329, 2334, 2339-2342, 2344-2345, 2347 and 2350, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIG. 3 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include a shaded 4-letter motif common in all the theoretically predicted TSP-1 containing proteins (FIG. 3A discloses SEQ ID NOS 2356-2359, 2324, 2360-2365, 2325, 2366-2373, 2326 and 2374-2376, respectively, in order of appearance & FIG. 3B discloses SEQ ID NOS 2377, 2327, 2378-2384, 2328-2333, 2335, 2334, 2336-2341, 2344-2346, 2385-2386 and 2347-2352, respectively, in order of appearance). In the red insert the predicted motif is identified within TSP-2 domains as well.

FIG. 4 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include a shaded 6-letter motif common in all the experimentally tested C-X-C containing proteins (SEQ ID NOS 2305, 2310-2311 and 2388-2390, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIG. 5 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include a shaded common motif in all the theoretically predicted anti-angiogenic C-X-C containing proteins (SEQ ID NOS 2392, 2390, 2311, 2388, 2393-2397, 2389, 2398-2404, 2310, 2405, 2305 and 2406, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIGS. 6A-6C show a set of amino acid sequences that include in shading the most abundant motif in the theoretically predicted anti-angiogenic type IV collagen derived peptide fragments (FIG. 6A discloses SEQ ID NOS 2313, 2313, 2408-2409, 2312, 2410-2416 and 2320, respectively, in order of appearance; FIG. 6B discloses SEQ ID NOS 2408-2409, 2312, 2410, 2418-2419 and 2415-2416, respectively, in order of appearance; & FIG. 6C discloses SEQ ID NOS 2313, 2313, 2408, 2410, 2418, 2412, 2419, 2414-2415 and 2320, respectively, in order of appearance). Novel motifs occur when the abundant 7-mer is shifted downstream (FIG. 6B) or upstream (FIG. 6C).

FIG. 7 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include in shading a less common motif within the sequences of type IV collagen derived peptide fragments (SEQ ID NOS 2422-2426, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIG. 8 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include in shading a motif identified within the subset of the of type IV collagen derived short anti-angiogenic peptides (SEQ ID NOS 2416, 2312, 2423, 2426 and 2425, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIG. 9 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include in shading a common motif that occurs in all the predicted anti-angiogenic fragments derived from TIMPs (SEQ ID NOS 2429-2431, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIGS. 10A and 10B show the amino acid sequences of eleven novel anti-angiogenic peptides. Sequences in FIG. 10A are from the somatotropin family (SEQ ID NOS 2433, 2291-2292, 2295, 2434, 2294, 2298-2299 and 2297, respectively, in order of appearance) and those in FIG. 10B are from the serpin family (SEQ ID NOS 2302-2303, 2435 and 2301, respectively, in order of appearance & ‘DEAH’ disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 2300).

FIG. 11 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include in shading a motif identified within the similarity hits of the Growth Hormone derived anti-angiogenic peptide (SEQ ID NOS 2433, 2293, 2291-2292, 2295, 2294 and 2298, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIG. 12 shows a set of amino acid sequences that include in shading a motif identified within the similarity hits of the PEDF derived short anti-angiogenic peptide (SEQ ID NOS 2302-2303, 2435 and 2301, respectively, in order of appearance & ‘DEAH’ disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 2300).

FIG. 13 shows the amino acid sequence of a novel peptide derived from the alpha4 fibril of type IV collagen and its similarities with known peptides (SEQ ID NOS 2409, 2312, 2438, 2304, 2428 and 2416, respectively, in order of appearance). Common amino acids are shaded.

FIG. 14 shows exemplary amino acid sequence modifications (SEQ ID NOS 2442, 2444-2445 and 2439-2441, respectively, in order of appearance).

FIGS. 15A-15C includes a set of graphs showing that likely receptors for peptides identified herein were identified in the HUVEC proliferation assay after neutralization of various receptors associated with anti-angiogenic activity. FIG. 15A shows the effect of β- and αvβ3 integrin-neutralizing antibodies on the activity of three collagen IV-derived peptides (red). The collagen derived peptides used in the experiment are derived from the alpha5 fibrils of type IV collagen (LRRFSTMPFMFCNINNVCNF (SEQ ID NO: 2312) and FCNINNVCNFASRNDYSYWL (SEQ ID NO: 2313)), and from alpha6 fibrils of type IV collagen (LPRFSTMPFIYCNINEVCHY (SEQ ID NO: 2304)). FIG. 15B shows the effect of two different concentrations of the CXCR3 receptor-neutralizing antibody on the activity of three CXC chemokine-derived peptides (green). The CXC derived peptides used in this experiment are derived from proteins GRO-α/CXCL1 (NGRKACLNPASPIVKKIIEKMLNS (SEQ ID NO: 2305)), GRO-γ/MIP-2β/CXCL3 (NGKKACLNPASPMVQKIIEKIL (SEQ ID NO: 2310)), and ENA-78/CXCL5 (NGKEICLDPEAPFLKKVIQKILD (SEQ ID NO: 2311)).

FIG. 15C shows the effect of CD36 and CD47 receptor-neutralizing antibodies on the activity of three thrombospondin-derived peptides (blue). The TSP1 repeat-containing protein derived peptides used in the experiment are derived from proteins WISP-1 (SPWSPCSTSCGLGVSTRI (SEQ ID NO: 2307)), NOVH (TEWTACSKSCGMGFSTRV (SEQ ID NO: 2308)) and UNC5C (TEWSVCNSRCGRGYQKRTR (SEQ ID NO: 2309)).

FIGS. 16A-C depict graphs showing the evaluation of peptide combinations from different protein families. Two peptides from each of three different protein families were combined serially in the proliferation assay, and the efficiency of the peptide combinations was evaluated after calculating the isobolograms and Combination Index for each of the combinations. FIG. 16A depicts data for TSP1 and Collagen IV. FIG. 16B depicts data for CXC and Collagen IV. FIG. 16C depicts data for TSP1 and CXC.

FIG. 17 shows a quantitative description of the peptide combinations. The combinations that induce strong synergism are marked with thicker red lines whereas the combinations that induce antagonism are shown with dotted blue lines.

FIGS. 18A-18C are graphs. FIG. 18A shows the results of the administration of collagen IV, TSP1 and CXC derived peptides, as well as the combination of the TSP1 derived peptide and the CXC derived peptide. Each of the peptides was administered at 20 mg/kg/day i.p. (n=3 per condition). For the combination, the peptides were administered alternately every other day. PBS was administered as a positive control. FIG. 18B shows the effect of the administration of the collagen IV derived peptide on tumor volume. The peptide was administered in an i.p. injection at 10 mg/kg/day for 12 days. Control (n=6); peptide application (green, n=6; red, n=5). These results for n=5 do not include one animal in which the tumor started growing after day 9. FIG. 18C shows the tumor growth rate (% volume change per day) on day 14 after inoculation (day 0 at panel C). Once the tumors reached a volume of approximately 800 mm³ treatment with a TSP1 derived and CXC derived peptides was started. The peptides were administered alternately every other day at a dose of 10 mg/kg. The tumor growth rate dropped to zero after 3 injections.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention features compositions and methods that are useful for modulating angiogenesis. The invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery of general peptide motifs that are associated with anti-angiogenic properties of peptides.

Angiogenesis

Angiogenesis, which involves the growth or sprouting of new microvessels from pre-existing vasculature, and vasculogenesis, which involves de novo vascular growth, is essential to many physiological and pathological conditions, including embryogenesis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, obesity, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart and limb disease, and wound healing. Over 70 diseases have been identified as angiogenesis dependent (Carmeliet, Nature, 438:932-6, 2005). Under physiological conditions, the growth of new microvessels is tightly regulated and orchestrated by maintaining a balance between endogenous pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. Tipping the balance of this regulation may lead to either excessive neovascularization, as in cancer, age-related macular degeneration, and rheumatoid arthritis, or insufficient vascularization, as in ischemic heart and limb disease, ischemic brain, and neural degeneration.

Angiogenesis is a complex multistep process that involves interactions between endothelial cells (EC), pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and stromal cells (e.g., stem cells and parenchymal cells). These interactions occur through secreted factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF-2) and angiopoietins, as well as through cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Endothelial cell-ECM interactions regulate numerous processes that are critical for angiogenesis, including endothelial cell migration, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Angiogenic processes include network stabilization and remodeling that may involve the recruitment of stromal cells, as well as the pruning of some vessels. In many cases, angiogenesis occurs as a response to hypoxia. A transcription factor called hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF1α, has been demonstrated to act as an oxygen sensor whose activity leads to upregulation of VEGF in parenchymal and stromal cells (Semenza, Physiology (Bethesda), 19:176-82, 2004). VEGF is secreted as a homodimer in the form of several heparin-binding and non-heparin-binding splice-variant isoforms; it diffuses through the interstitial space and can bind to the endothelial cell receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, as well as co-receptors such as Neuropilin-1, thus initiating a signal transduction cascade that leads to endothelial cell proliferation and migration. The production of endothelial cell matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs, increases as a result of endothelial cell activation; MMPs are necessary for selectively clipping the capillary basement membrane and the ECM, which constitute physical barriers to endothelial cell migration and capillary sprouting. MMPs and their associated molecules also play a crucial role in uncovering cryptic sites of the ECM proteins, a number of which have been identified as anti-angiogenic (Davis et al., Anat Rec, 268:252-75, 2002; Folkman, Annu Rev Med, 57:1-18, 2006; Rundhaug, J Cell Mol Med, 9:267-85, 2005; Schenk and Quaranta, Trends Cell Biol, 13:366-75, 2003), and in processing cell-surface receptors (Mott and Werb, Curr Opin Cell Biol, 16:558-64, 2004).

Diseases Associated with Undesirable Angiogenesis

Where the processes regulating angiogenesis are disrupted, pathology may result. Such pathology affects a wide variety of tissues and organ systems. Diseases characterized by excess or undesirable angiogenesis are susceptible to treatment with therapeutic agents described herein.

Excess angiogenesis in numerous organs is associated with cancer and metastasis, including neoplasia and hematologic malignancies.

Angiogenesis-related diseases and disorders are commonly observed in the eye where they may result in blindness. Such disease include, but are not limited to, age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, persistent hyperplastic vitreous syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

A number of angiogenesis-related diseases are associated with the blood and lymph vessels including transplant arteriopathy and atherosclerosis, where plaques containing blood and lymph vessels form, vascular malformations, DiGeorge syndrome, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, cavernous hemangioma, cutaneous hemangioma, and lymphatic malformations.

Other angiogenesis diseases and disorders affect the bones, joints, and/or cartilage include, but are not limited to, arthritis, synovitis, osteomyelitis, osteophyte formation, and HIV-induced bone marrow angiogenesis.

The gastro-intestinal tract is also susceptible to angiogenesis diseases and disorders. These include, but are not limited to, inflammatory bowel disease, ascites, peritoneal adhesions, and liver cirrhosis.

Angiogenesis diseases and disorders affecting the kidney include, but are not limited to, diabetic nephropathy (early stage: enlarged glomerular vascular tufts).

Excess angiogenesis in the reproductive system is associated with endometriosis, uterine bleeding, ovarian cysts, ovarian hyperstimulation.

In the lung, excess angiogenesis is associated with primary pulmonary hypertension, asthma, nasal polyps, rhinitis, chronic airway inflammation, cystic fibrosis.

Diseases and disorders characterized by excessive or undesirable angiogenesis in the skin include psoriasis, warts, allergic dermatitis, scar keloids, pyogenic granulomas, blistering disease, Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients, systemic sclerosis.

Obesity is also associated with excess angiogenesis (e.g., angiogenesis induced by fatty diet). Adipose tissue may be reduced by the administration of angiogenesis inhibitors.

Excess angiogenesis is associated with a variety of auto-immune disorders, such as systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Sjögren's disease (in part by activation of mast cells and leukocytes). Undesirable angiogenesis is also associated with a number of infectious diseases, including those associated with pathogens that express (lymph)-angiogenic genes, that induce a (lymph)-angiogenic program or that transform endothelial cells. Such infectious disease include those bacterial infections that increase HIF-1 levels, HIV-Tat levels, antimicrobial peptides, levels, or those associated with tissue remodeling.

Infectious diseases, such as viral infections, can cause excessive angiogenesis which is susceptible to treatment with agents of the invention. Examples of viruses that have been found in humans include, but are not limited to, Retroviridae (e.g. human immunodeficiency viruses, such as HIV-1 (also referred to as HDTV-III, LAVE or HTLV-III/LAV, or HIV-III; and other isolates, such as HIV-LP; Picornaviridae (e.g. polio viruses, hepatitis A virus; enteroviruses, human Coxsackie viruses, rhinoviruses, echoviruses); Calciviridae (e.g. strains that cause gastroenteritis); Togaviridae (e.g. equine encephalitis viruses, rubella viruses); Flaviridae (e.g. dengue viruses, encephalitis viruses, yellow fever viruses); Coronoviridae (e.g. coronaviruses); Rhabdoviridae (e.g. vesicular stomatitis viruses, rabies viruses); Filoviridae (e.g. ebola viruses); Paramyxoviridae (e.g. parainfluenza viruses, mumps virus, measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus); Orthomyxoviridae (e.g. influenza viruses); Bungaviridae (e.g. Hantaan viruses, bunga viruses, phleboviruses and Nairo viruses); Arena viridae (hemorrhagic fever viruses); Reoviridae (e.g. reoviruses, orbiviurses and rotaviruses); Birnaviridae; Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B virus); Parvovirida (parvoviruses); Papovaviridae (papilloma viruses, polyoma viruses); Adenoviridae (most adenoviruses); Herpesviridae (herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes virus; Poxyiridae (variola viruses, vaccinia viruses, pox viruses); and Iridoviridae (e.g. African swine fever virus); and unclassified viruses (e.g. the agent of delta hepatitis (thought to be a defective satellite of hepatitis B virus), the agents of non-A, non-B hepatitis (class 1=internally transmitted; class 2=parenterally transmitted (i.e. Hepatitis C); Norwalk and related viruses, and astroviruses).

The present invention provides methods of treating diseases and/or disorders or symptoms thereof associated with excess or undesired angiogenesis, which comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the formulae herein to a subject (e.g., a mammal, such as a human). Thus, one embodiment is a method of treating a subject suffering from or susceptible to an angiogenesis-related disease or disorder or symptom thereof. The method includes the step of administering to the mammal a therapeutic amount of an amount of a compound herein sufficient to treat the disease or disorder or symptom thereof (e.g., to prevent or reduce angiogenesis) under conditions such that the disease or disorder is treated.

The methods herein include administering to the subject (including a subject identified as in need of such treatment) an effective amount of a compound described herein (e.g., a peptide described herein, or mimetic, or analog thereof), or a composition described herein to produce such effect. Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method).

The therapeutic methods of the invention (which include prophylactic treatment) in general comprise administration of a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds herein, such as a compound of the formulae herein to a subject (e.g., animal, human) in need thereof, including a mammal, particularly a human. Such treatment will be suitably administered to subjects, particularly humans, suffering from, having, susceptible to, or at risk for a disease, disorder, or symptom thereof. Determination of those subjects “at risk” can be made by any objective or subjective determination by a diagnostic test or opinion of a subject or health care provider (e.g., genetic test, enzyme or protein marker, Marker (as defined herein), family history, and the like). The compounds herein may be also used in the treatment of any other disorders in which angiogenesis may be implicated.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of monitoring treatment progress. The method includes the step of determining a level of diagnostic marker (Marker) (e.g., any target delineated herein modulated by a compound herein, a protein or indicator thereof, etc.) or diagnostic measurement (e.g., screen, assay) in a subject suffering from or susceptible to a disorder or symptoms thereof associated with angiogenesis, in which the subject has been administered a therapeutic amount of a compound herein sufficient to treat the disease or symptoms thereof. The level of Marker determined in the method can be compared to known levels of Marker in either healthy normal controls or in other afflicted patients to establish the subject's disease status. In preferred embodiments, a second level of Marker in the subject is determined at a time point later than the determination of the first level, and the two levels are compared to monitor the course of disease or the efficacy of the therapy. In certain preferred embodiments, a pre-treatment level of Marker in the subject is determined prior to beginning treatment according to this invention; this pre-treatment level of Marker can then be compared to the level of Marker in the subject after the treatment commences, to determine the efficacy of the treatment.

Treatment of Neoplasia

The methods of the invention are particularly well suited for the treatment of neoplasias. By “neoplasia” is meant a disease that is caused by or results in inappropriately high levels of cell division, inappropriately low levels of apoptosis, or both. For example, cancer is an example of a proliferative disease. Examples of cancers include, without limitation, leukemias (e.g., acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute promyelocytic leukemia, acute myelomonocytic leukemia, acute monocytic leukemia, acute erythroleukemia, chronic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia), polycythemia vera, lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's disease), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, heavy chain disease, and solid tumors, such as sarcomas and carcinomas (e.g., fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, nile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilm's tumor, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, testicular cancer, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodenroglioma, schwannoma, meningioma, melanoma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma). Lymphoproliferative disorders are also considered to be proliferative diseases.

Peptides of the Invention

The present invention utilizes powerful computational and bioinformatic approaches to identify therapeutic agents (e.g., polypeptides, peptides, analogs, and fragments thereof) having anti-angiogenic activity. The amino acid sequences of such agents are provided herein. The Tables and Figures provide sequences of peptides of the invention, GenBank Accession Nos., and the amino acid positions of the sequences. Amino acids are referred to herein by their commonly known one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission; they can also be referred to by their commonly known three letter symbols.

Angiogenesis Assays

The biological activity of therapeutic agents of the invention is characterized using any method for assaying angiogenic activity known in the art. In vitro angiogenesis assays have been described in detail in recent reviews (Akhtar et al., Angiogenesis, 5:75-80, 2002; Auerbach et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev, 19:167-72, 2000; Auerbach et al., Clin Chem, 49:32-40, 2003; Staton et al., Int J Exp Pathol, 85:233-48, 2004; Vailhe et al., Lab Invest, 81:439-52, 2001). There are a number of different endothelial cell lineages that have been used in angiogenesis assays: bovine aortic, bovine retinal, rat and mouse microvascular, human aortic, human bladder microvascular, human cardiac microvascular, human dermal microvascular, human lung microvascular and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. All of these endothelial cells are capable of differentiating in vitro and forming capillary-like structures. This process occurs when the cells are cultured in a monolayer of extracellular matrix components, such as the Matrigel (extracellular matrix material similar to basement membrane), type I collagen, fibronectin or laminin. An endothelial cell lineage that is commonly used for testing the angiogenic response is the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has issued guidelines for testing the anti-angiogenic efficacy of novel agents; they include proliferation, migration and tube formation assays using HUVECs.

Initially the anti-angiogenic effect of selected standard agents is assessed as a positive control by adding them into the wells containing cultured endothelial cells. Such standard anti-angiogenic agents include the fumigillin analog TNP-470 that is available by request from NCI. The standard cell culture medium is usually used as a negative control. The experiments described below are repeated several times as required to obtain statistically significant and reproducible results. Once the platform is calibrated and tested for the known agents, the novel inhibitors are tested.

Cell Proliferation Assay

In these assays anti-angiogenic agents are tested for their ability to alter endothelial cell proliferation. A reduction in endothelial cell proliferation identifies an agent that inhibits angiogenesis. The viability and metabolic activity of the cells is measured in the presence of the anti-angiogenic peptides at different concentrations and various time steps. In one example, a cell proliferation reagent, MTT, is used in a substrate/assay that measures the metabolic activity of viable cells. The assay is based on the reduction of the yellow tetrazolium salt, MTT, by viable, metabolically active cells to form the insoluble purple formazan crystals, which are solubilized by the addition of a detergent. MTT is a colorimetric, non-radioactive assay that can be performed in a microplate. It is suitable for measuring cell proliferation, cell viability or cytotoxicity. The procedure involves three steps. First, the cells are cultured in a multi-well plate and then incubated with the yellow MTT for approximately 2 to 4 hours. During this incubation period, viable cells convert, in their mitochondria, the yellow MTT to the purple formazan crystals. The second step involves the solubilization of the crystals. A detergent solution is added to lyse the cells and solubilize the colored crystals. The final step of the assay involves quantifying changes in proliferation by measuring the changes in the color after lysing the cells. The samples are read using an ELISA plate reader at a wavelength of 570 nm. The amount of color produced is directly proportional to the number of viable cells present in a particular well. Other proliferation assays include WST-1, XTT, Trypan Blue, Alamar Blue and BrdU. In contrast to the MTT assay, in the WST-1 assay the formazan crystals do not need to be solubilized by the addition of a detergent; they are soluble to the cell medium.

In another example, cell proliferation is assayed by quantitating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into the newly synthesized DNA of replicating cells. The assay is a cellular immunoassay that uses a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against BrdU. The procedure involves four steps. First, the cells are cultured in a microtiterplate and pulse-labeled with BrdU. Only proliferating cells incorporate BrdU into their DNA. The cells are then fixed in a denaturing solution. The genomic DNA is denatured, exposing the incorporated BrdU to immunodetection. The BrdU label is located in the DNA with a peroxidase-conjugated anti-BrdU antibody. The antibody is quantitated using a peroxidase substrate. To test anti-proliferative effects of the selected peptides, the endothelial cells are incubated in the presence of varying amounts of the peptides for different time intervals. After labeling of the cells with BrdU the cell proliferation reagent WST-1 is added, and the cells are reincubated. The formazan product is quantified at 450 nm with an absorbance reader. Subsequently, BrdU incorporation is determined using the colorimetric cell proliferation ELISA, BrdU. The results of this assay indicate the effects of the anti-angiogenic peptides either on DNA synthesis (anti-proliferative) or the metabolic activity (pro-apoptotic) of the cell. Kits for implementing these techniques are commercially available.

Preferably, an agent of the invention reduces cell proliferation by at least about 5%, 10%, 20% or 25%. More preferably, cell proliferation is reduced by at least 50%, 75%, or even by 100%.

Cell Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Assay

Agents having anti-angiogenic activity can also be identified in assay that measures the effect of a candidate agent on cell proliferation and survival using a mitogenic assay (incorporation of thymidine, or 5-bromodeoxyuridine) that measures alterations in cell number (direct counts or indirect colorimetric evaluation). Agents that reduce cell proliferation, cell survival, or that increase cell death are identified as having anti-angiogenic activity. Cell death by apoptosis can be measured using a TUNEL assay or by analyzing the expression of apoptosis markers, such as the caspases and annexin V (Fennell et al., J Biomol Screen, 11:296-302, 2006; Loo and Rillema, Methods Cell Biol, 57:251-64, 1998; Otsuki et al., Prog Histochem Cytochem, 38:275-339, 2003).

A number of methods have been developed to study apoptosis in cell populations. Apoptosis is a form of cell death that is characterized by cleavage of the genomic DNA into discrete fragments prior to membrane disintegration. Because DNA cleavage is a hallmark for apoptosis, assays that measure prelytic DNA fragmentation are especially attractive for the determination of apoptotic cell death. DNA fragments obtained from cell populations are assayed on agarose gels to identify the presence of absence of “DNA ladders” or bands of 180 bp multiples, which form the rungs of the ladders, or by quantifying the presence of histone complexed DNA fragments by ELISA.

Other indicators of apoptosis include assaying for the presence caspases that are involved in the early stages of apoptosis. The appearance of caspases sets off a cascade of events that disable a multitude of cell functions. Caspase activation can be analyzed in vitro by utilizing an enzymatic assay. Activity of a specific caspase, for instance caspase 3, can be determined in cellular lysates by capturing of the caspase and measuring proteolytic cleavage of a suitable substrate that is sensitive to the specific protease (Fennell et al., J Biomol Screen, 11:296-302, 2006; Loo and Rillema, Methods Cell Biol, 57:251-64, 1998; Otsuki et al., Prog Histochem Cytochem, 38:275-339, 2003). Agents that increase caspase activity or DNA fragmentation in endothelial cells are identified as useful in the methods of the invention.

In addition to in vitro techniques, apoptosis can be measured using flow cytometry. One of the simplest methods is to use propidium iodide (PI) to stain the DNA and look for sub-diploid cells (Fennell et al., J Biomol Screen, 11:296-302, 2006; Loo and Rillema, Methods Cell Biol, 57:251-64, 1998; Otsuki et al., Prog Histochem Cytochem, 38:275-339, 2003).

The most commonly used dye for DNA content/cell cycle analysis is propidium iodide (PI). PI intercalates into the major groove of double-stranded DNA and produces a highly fluorescent adduct that can be excited at 488 nm with a broad emission centered around 600 nm. Since PI can also bind to double-stranded RNA, it is necessary to treat the cells with RNase for optimal DNA resolution. Other flow cytometric-based methods include the TUNEL assay, which measures DNA strand breaks and Annexin V binding, which detects relocation of membrane phosphatidyl serine from the intracellular surface to the extracellular surface.

Cell Migration and Invasion Assay

Another anti-angiogenic activity is the ability to reduce endothelial cell migration towards an attractant that is present in a chemotactic gradient, such as a growth factor gradient. Endothelial cell motility or migration can be assessed using the Boyden chamber technique (Auerbach et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev, 19:167-72, 2000; Auerbach et al., Clin Chem, 49:32-40, 2003; Taraboletti and Giavazzi, Eur J Cancer, 40:881-9, 2004). In one example, a Boyden chamber assay is used to test endothelial cell migration from one side of the chamber in the presence of an activator. In brief, the lower compartment of the Boyden chamber is separated from the upper (containing the endothelial cells) by a matrix-coated polycarbonate filter with pores small enough to allow only the active passage of the cells (3-8 μm pore size). The matrix may include, for example, extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen, laminin and fibronectin. Activators include but are not limited to growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor-2 or conditioned medium (e.g. from tumor cells or NIH-3T3 fibroblasts). Migration typically occurs rapidly typically within 4-20 hours cells have migrated through the filter. The number of migrating cells is quantified using a cell-permeable fluorescent dye in the presence or absence of an inhibitor; it can also be quantified by any means of cell counting. A fluorescence plate reader is used to quantify the migrating cells by measuring the amount of fluorescence and directly correlating it to cell number. A decrease in cell migration identifies a peptide that inhibits angiogenesis. Preferably, cell migration or motility is reduced by at least about 5%, 10%, 20% or 25%. More preferably, cell migration or motility is reduced by at least about 50%, 75%, or even by 100%.

In other embodiments, anti-angiogenic agents of the invention alter the invasiveness of an endothelial cell, for example, by reducing the ability of an endothelial cell to degrade an extracellular matrix component. In one example, an anti-angiogenic inhibitor acts by reducing the proteolytic activity of a matrix metalloproteinase. Methods for assaying protease activity are known in the art. Quantification of the matrix metalloproteinase activity can be accomplished using a zymographic or gelatinase activity assay (Frederiks and Mook, J Histochem Cytochem. 52:711-22, 2004). Preferably, protease activity is reduced by at least about 5%, 10%, 20% or 25%. More preferably, protease activity is reduced by at least about 50%, 75%, or even by 100%.

In another example, the invasive activity of an endothelial cell is measured using a Boyden chamber invasion assay or by measuring phagokinetic tracks. The invasion assay is essentially as described above for the Boyden motility assay, except that the filter is coated with a layer of a matrix several microns thick, usually Matrigel or other basement membrane extracts, which the cells must degrade before migrating through the filter (Auerbach et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev, 19:167-72, 2000; Auerbach et al., Clin Chem, 49:32-40, 2003; Taraboletti and Giavazzi, Eur J Cancer, 40:881-9, 2004). Compounds that reduce extracellular matrix degradation or endothelial cell invasiveness are identified as useful in the methods of the invention.

Tube Formation Assay

Another method of identifying an agent having anti-angiogenic activity involves measuring the agent's ability to reduce or disrupt capillary tube formation. Various types of endothelial cells (e.g., HUVECs, HMVECs (human microvascular endothelial cells)) form tubes when cultured in wells uniformly coated with Matrigel, an extracellular matrix protein, or other substrates. Therefore the assay characterizes endothelial cell differentiation. The endothelial cells are cultured in the presence or the absence of a candidate agent. The agent may be added to the culture media or may be present or applied to the gel. Typically, the effect on tube formation is measured by incubating the cells for a period of time (e.g., one to four days) at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ atmosphere. Kits for implementing these techniques are commercially available.

The output of the experiments are images of capillary networks formed. A common metric used for the morphological characteristics of a capillary network is the angiogenic index. This index is calculated as the ratio of the total length of the connected tubes over the total monitored surface of the well. The change of the angiogenic index as a function of the concentration of the anti-angiogenic peptide will be the determinant for the effectiveness of the tested novel angiogenesis inhibitors.

Aortic Ring Assay

The aortic ring assay integrates the advantages of both in vivo and in vitro systems. It is a useful assay to test angiogenic factors or inhibitors in a controlled environment. More importantly, it recapitulates all of the necessary steps involved in angiogenesis (Staton et al., Int J Exp Pathol, 85:233-48, 2004).

In this quantitative method of studying angiogenesis, ring segments of aortas from various animals such as rats and mice are embedded in a three-dimensional matrix composed of fibrin or collagen, and cultured in a defined medium devoid of serum and growth factors. Microvessels sprout spontaneously from the surface of the aortic rings. This angiogenic process is mediated by endogenous growth factors produced from the aorta or can be assisted by applying exogenously specific concentrations of growth factors. The embedded aortas are incubated for 10-12 days and after the incubation period the newly formed vessels are quantified. Microvessels can be counted manually or quantified using computer-assisted image analysis. Test agents can be added to the culture medium to assay for angiogenic or anti-angiogenic activity. Also aortas from animals with different genetic background (e.g., knockout mice) can be used in order to assess specific mechanisms of the effect of the anti-angiogenic peptides on the neovessel formation process.

In Vivo Angiogenesis Assays

A recent review identified over 70 disease conditions that involve angiogenesis, about half of those characterized by abnormal or excessive angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis (Carmeliet, Nature, 438:932-6, 2005). Agents identified as having anti-angiogenic activity are optionally tested in in vivo assays using animal models that exhibit abnormal or excessive angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis.

Matrigel Plug Assay

In one in vivo approach, a candidate agent of the invention is tested for anti-angiogenic activity by implanting a polymer matrix subcutaneously in an animal and assaying the matrix for signs of neovascularization. In one embodiment, a Matrigel plug or a similar substrate containing tumor cells and an anti-angiogenic factor is used to study in vivo angiogenesis (Auerbach et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev, 19:167-72, 2000; Staton et al., Int J Exp Pathol, 85:233-48, 2004). Matrigel is a liquid at 4° C., but forms a solid gel at 37° C. A candidate agent is suspended together with an attractant, such as a growth factor, in the gel. The Matrigel is then injected subcutaneously where it forms a solid plug allowing for the prolonged local release of pro- or anti-angiogenic agents present in the gel. The plug is subsequently removed and neovascularization is assessed by any standard methods, including but not limited to, identifying the presence of endothelial cells or endothelial cell tubules in the plug using microscopy. In some embodiments, this approach is combined with an immuno-histological identification of endothelium specific proteins (e.g., CD-31/34 or integrins) on the newly formed vessels.

The Matrigel plug assay can be applied for testing the efficacy of the novel anti-angiogenic peptides identified herein. In one example, Matrigel is mixed with heparin (usually 20 U/ml) and a vascular endothelial growth factor at about 50 ng/ml in the presence or absence of a candidate peptide, which is supplied at a variety of concentrations (e.g., at the IC₅₀). A control animal receives the gel without the anti-angiogenic fragment. The Matrigel is injected into the mice subcutaneously and after one week the animals are sacrificed. The Matrigel plugs are then removed and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. The plugs are then embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The number of blood vessels as well as any other angiogenic indexes are estimated.

Directed In Vivo Angiogenesis Assay (DIVAA)

Directed in vivo angiogenesis assay (DIVAA) is a reproducible and quantitative in vivo method of assaying angiogenesis. It involves the preparation of silicon cylinders that are closed on one side filled with some type of extracellular matrix (for example Matrigel) with or without premixed angiogenic factors (Guedez et al., Am J Pathol, 162:1431-9, 2003) to form an angioreactor. The angioreactors are then implanted subcutaneously in mice. Vascular endothelial cells migrate into the extracellular matrix and form vessels in the angioreactor. As early as nine days post-implantation, there are enough cells present in the angioreactor to assay the effect of an angiogenic modulating factors. A candidate agent may be included in the matrix together with the angiogenic factors. The design of the angioreactor provides a standardized platform for reproducible and quantifiable in vivo angiogenesis assays.

Advantageously, the angioreactor prevents assay errors due to absorption of the basement membrane extract or the diffusion of the anti-angiogenic agent into the surrounding tissue; may be carried out using only a fraction of the materials required in the plug assay described above; and up to four angioreactors may be implanted in a single animal (e.g., mouse), providing more data for analysis. Vascularization response can be measured by intravenous injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran before the recovery of the angioreactor, followed by spectrofluorimetry. Alternatively, to obtain a quantitative assessment of the angiogenic invasion, the content of the angioreactors, can be removed and the endothelial cells stained using FITC-Lectin. Fluorescence of the FITC-Lectin solution can be quantitated by measuring the fluorescence at 485 nm excitation and 510 nm emission using a fluorescence plate reader e.g., Victor 3V (Perkin Elmer). The intensity of the signal is directly proportional to the number of endothelial cells that are present in the angioreactors. The technique allows dose response analysis and identification of effective doses of angiogenesis-modulating factors in vivo.

Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay

The chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) is widely used as an angiogenesis assay Auerbach et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev 19:167-172, 2000; Staton et al., Int J Exp Pathol 85: 233-248, 2004; D'Amato, In: Voest, E. E., and D'Amore, P. A. (eds). Tumor Angiogenesis Microcirculation, 2001, Marcel Dekker, New York-Base1). In one embodiment, the chorioallantoic membrane of a 7-9 day old chick embryos is exposed by making a window in the egg shell. A candidate agent is provided in a formulation that provides for its extended release (e.g., in a slow-release polymer pellets, absorbed on a gelatin sponge, or air-dried onto a plastic disc). The candidate agent formulation is implanted onto the chorioallantoic membrane through a window in the shell. The window is sealed and the egg is re-incubated. The lack of mature immune system in the 7 day old chick embryos allows the study of angiogenesis without any immunological interference. In the modified version of the in ovo assay, the entire egg content is transferred to a plastic culture dish. After 3-6 days of incubation the testing agents are applied and angiogenesis is monitored using various angiogenesis indexes.

In the case of testing the angiostatic peptides, polymer pellets can be loaded both with the growth factors and the anti-angiogenic fragments and be implanted in the chorioallantoic membrane. The modified version of the assay allows the application of a candidate agent using different strategies to identify effective therapeutic regimens. For example, a candidate agent is applied in a single bolus at a particular concentration; at different time points at lower concentrations; or in different formulations that provide for the extended release of an agent. This provides for the temporal control of candidate agent release and the delineation of temporal variations in drug administration on the angiostatic activity of the candidate agents.

Ocular Angiogenesis Models

Corneal Micropocket:

The cornea is an avascular site and presumably any vessels penetrating from the limbus into the cornea stroma can be identified as newly formed. In this assay a pocket is created in the cornea stroma of the animal. An angiogenic response is usually initiated by implantation of a slow release pellet or polymer containing growth factors (Auerbach et al., Cancer Metastasis Rev, 19:167-72, 2000; Auerbach et al., Clin Chem, 49:32-40, 2003; D'Amato, Tumor Angiogenesis and Microcirculation, 103-110, 2001; Staton et al., Int J Exp Pathol, 85:233-48, 2004).

In order to test an angiogenesis inhibitor, the effect of a candidate agent on an angiogenic response in the cornea is assayed after the implantation of a pellet comprising an angiogenic agent in combination with a candidate inhibitor in the cornea pockets. Also the efficacy of an anti-angiogenic agent can be evaluated using the mouse model of ocular ischemic retinopathy to quantitatively assess anti-angiogenic effects on retinal neovascularization. In addition, a mouse model of laser induced choroidal neovascularization can be used in order to quantitatively assess the anti-angiogenic effects of candidate agents on choroidal neovascularization. The tested peptides can be administered with a bolus injection or any other scheduled administration.

Mouse Model of Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV):

Laser photocoagulation is used on normal mice to rupture Bruch's membrane at three locations in each eye (e.g., To be et al., Am J Pathol 153:1641-1646, 1998); this procedure leads to neovascularization arising from the choroidal circulation. On the day of laser treatment, the mice are injected intravitreously with the peptide being evaluated. The injections are repeated a week later. One eye is injected with peptide, the contralateral eye receives the vehicle or scrambled peptide as control. Two weeks following laser treatment the mice are sacrificed and quantitative assessment of choroidal neovascularization is performed. The eyes are removed and fixed overnight in phosphate-buffered formalin. The cornea and lens are removed and the entire retina is dissected from the eyecup. Radial cuts are made from the edge to the equator and the eyecup is flat mounted with the sclera facing down. Flat mounts are examined by fluorescence microscopy. The area of the CNV lesions in the peptide injected eyes are compared to the area of neovascularization of CNV in the paired vehicle injected eyes.

Mouse Model of Ischemic Retinopathy:

Seven-day-old (P7) mice and their mothers are placed in an airtight incubator and exposed to an atmosphere of 75% oxygen for 5 day (Smith et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 35:101-111, 1994). The incubator temperature is maintained at 23° C., and oxygen is continuously monitored with an oxygen controller. At P12 the litters are returned to room air. One day following removal from oxygen and return to room air intravitreous injection of peptide into the right eye of each pup and vehicle into the left is carried out. On P17 pups are euthanized, and the eyes are rapidly removed, positioned and frozen in an embedding compound. Ocular sections are then stained with Griffonia Simplicifolia lectin that labels vascular endothelial cells. Histopathological sections demonstrating the presence, extent and location of normal and abnormal blood vessels are then analyzed following preparation of a standardized series of sections in each eye. The area of retinal neovascularization in the peptide injected eye is compared to the area of retinal neovascularization in the vehicle injected eye.

Chamber Assays

Other methods for studying the effect of a candidate agent in vivo on chronic angiogenesis involve the use of an implanted transparent chamber. The chamber is implanted in an accessible site (e.g., the rabbit ear, the dorsal skinfold and the cranial window chamber (Auerbach et al., Clin Chem, 49:32-40, 2003; Staton et al., Int J Exp Pathol, 85:233-48, 2004). In each of these systems a piece of skin (the ear or skinfold chamber) or part of the skull (cranial chamber) is removed from an anesthetized animal. Tumor cells or a pellet containing an angiogenesis stimulus is then placed on the exposed surface and covered by a glass. The animals are allowed to recover, and angiogenesis is subsequently monitored. The models allow for the continuous measurement of various angiogenesis as well as tissue parameters, such as pH or blood flow. Similarly to the corneal pocket assay, the angiostatic agents are administered orally, locally, or systemically using a predefined drug administration schedule. Agents that reduce angiogenesis in a chamber assay are identified as useful in the methods of the invention.

Tumor Models

Many different in vivo models have been developed to test the activity of potential anti-angiogenic or anti-cancer treatments, specifically on tumor vasculature. Tumors are implanted and can be grown syngeneically; i.e., subcutaneously, orthotopically in a tissue of origin, or as xenografts in immunodeficient mice (Auerbach et al., Clin Chem, 49:32-40, 2003; Staton et al., Int J Exp Pathol, 85:233-48, 2004). Any number of histological analyses may be used to examine the effect of a candidate agent on a blood vessel supplying the tumor. In one embodiment, the blood vessel density of a newly formed vasculature in the tumor is monitored; in another embodiment, the vascular architecture is monitored, for example, by counting the number of vascular branches per vessel unit length. In another embodiment, blood flow through the vasculature is measured.

The tumor models provide a variety of different conditions that can be analyzed to assay the efficacy of a candidate anti-angiogenic agent. For example, the effects of a candidate agent on the stability of a well vascularized vs. a poorly vascularized tumor can be assayed; the effect of a candidate agent on tumors of different origin, for example prostate and breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and including those of vascular origin such as the chemically induced hemangiosarcomas and Kaposi's sarcomas, can be analyzed. The study of in vivo tumor models provide the closest approximation of human tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, such models provide the opportunity to study the pharmacokinetics of the candidate drug as well as its efficacy simultaneously in a large scale model and under different administration carriers and strategies.

Anti-Angiogenic Peptides and Analogs

The invention is not limited to conventional therapeutic peptides having anti-angiogenic activity, but comprises a variety of modified peptides having properties that enhance their biodistribution, selectivity, or half-life. In particular, the invention provides peptides that are modified in ways that enhance their ability to inhibit angiogenesis in a cell, tissue, or organ in a subject in need thereof.

The invention provides methods for optimizing a transcription factor or protein transduction domain amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence by producing an alteration in the sequence. Such alterations may include certain mutations, deletions, insertions, or post-translational modifications. The invention further includes analogs of any naturally-occurring polypeptide of the invention. Analogs can differ from a naturally-occurring polypeptide of the invention by amino acid sequence differences, by post-translational modifications, or by both. Analogs of the invention will generally exhibit at least 85%, more preferably 90%, and most preferably 95% or even 99% identity with all or part of a naturally-occurring amino, acid sequence of the invention. The length of sequence comparison is at least about 5, 10, 15 or 20 amino acid residues, at least about 25, 50, or 75 amino acid residues, or at least about 100 amino acid residues. Again, in an exemplary approach to determining the degree of identity, a BLAST program may be used, with a probability score between e⁻³ and e⁻¹⁰⁰ indicating a closely related sequence. Modifications include in vivo and in vitro chemical derivatization of polypeptides, e.g., acetylation, carboxylation, phosphorylation, or glycosylation; such modifications may occur during polypeptide synthesis or processing or following treatment with isolated modifying enzymes. Analogs can also differ from the naturally-occurring polypeptides of the invention by alterations in primary sequence. These include genetic variants, both natural and induced (for example, resulting from random mutagenesis by irradiation or exposure to ethanemethylsulfate or by site-specific mutagenesis as described in Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed.), CSH Press, 1989, or Ausubel et al., supra). Also included are cyclized peptides, molecules, and analogs which contain residues other than L-amino acids, e.g., D-amino acids or non-naturally occurring or synthetic amino acids, e.g., β or γ amino acids.

The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, for example, hydroxyproline, gamma-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine, phosphothreonine. “Amino acid analogs” refer to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., a carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, for example, homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (for example, norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. “Amino acid mimetics” refers to chemical compounds that have a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that function in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid. Amino acids and analogs are well known in the art. Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.

“Conservatively modified variants” apply to both amino acid and nucleic acid sequences. With respect to particular nucleic acid sequences, conservatively modified variants refers to those nucleic acids which encode identical or similar amino acid sequences and include degenerate sequences. For example, the codons GCA, GCC, GCG and GCU all encode alanine. Thus, at every amino acid position where an alanine is specified, any of these codons can be used interchangeably in constructing a corresponding nucleotide sequence. The resulting nucleic acid variants are conservatively modified variants, since they encode the same protein (assuming that is the only alternation in the sequence). One skilled in the art recognizes that each codon in a nucleic acid, except for AUG (sole codon for methionine) and UGG (tryptophan), can be modified conservatively to yield a functionally-identical peptide or protein molecule. As to amino acid sequences, one skilled in the art will recognize that substitutions, deletions, or additions to a polypeptide or protein sequence which alter, add or delete a single amino acid or a small number (typically less than about ten) of amino acids is a “conservatively modified variant” where the alteration results in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. Conservative substitutions are well known in the art and include, for example, the changes of alanine to serine; arginine to lysine; asparigine to glutamine or histidine; aspartate to glutamate; cysteine to serine; glutamine to asparigine; glutamate to aspartate; glycine to proline; histidine to asparigine or glutamine; isoleucine to leucine or valine; leucine to valine or isoleucine; lysine to arginine, glutamine, or glutamate; methionine to leucine or isoleucine; phenylalanine to tyrosine, leucine or methionine; serine to threonine; threonine to serine; tryptophan to tyrosine; tyrosine to tryptophan or phenylalanine; valine to isoleucine or leucine. Other conservative and semi-conservative substitutions are known in the art and can be employed in practice of the present invention.

The terms “protein”, “peptide” and “polypeptide” are used herein to describe any chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification (for example, glycosylation or phosphorylation). Thus, the terms can be used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms also apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid. Thus, the term “polypeptide” includes full-length, naturally occurring proteins as well as recombinantly or synthetically produced polypeptides that correspond to a full-length naturally occurring protein or to particular domains or portions of a naturally occurring protein. The term also encompasses mature proteins which have an added amino-terminal methionine to facilitate expression in prokaryotic cells.

The polypeptides and peptides of the invention can be chemically synthesized or synthesized by recombinant DNA methods; or, they can be purified from tissues in which they are naturally expressed, according to standard biochemical methods of purification. Also included in the invention are “functional polypeptides,” which possess one or more of the biological functions or activities of a protein or polypeptide of the invention. These functions or activities include the ability to inhibit angiogenesis (e.g., by reducing endothelial cell proliferation, migration, survival, or tube formation). The functional polypeptides may contain a primary amino acid sequence that has been modified from that considered to be the standard sequence of a peptide described herein. Preferably these modifications are conservative amino acid substitutions, as described herein.

In addition to full-length polypeptides, the invention also includes fragments of any one of the polypeptides of the invention. As used herein, the term “a fragment” means at least 5, 10, 13, or 15 amino acids. In other embodiments a fragment is at least 20 contiguous amino acids, at least 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 contiguous amino acids, or at least 30, 35, 40, or 50 contiguous amino acids, and in other embodiments at least 60 to 80 or more contiguous amino acids. Fragments of the invention can be generated by methods known to those skilled in the art or may result from normal protein processing (e.g., removal of amino acids from the nascent polypeptide that are not required for biological activity or removal of amino acids by alternative mRNA splicing or alternative protein processing events).

Non-protein transcription factor/protein transduction domain fusion analogs have a chemical structure designed to mimic the fusion proteins functional activity. Such analogs are administered according to methods of the invention. Fusion protein analogs may exceed the physiological activity of the original fusion polypeptide. Methods of analog design are well known in the art, and synthesis of analogs can be carried out according to such methods by modifying the chemical structures such that the resultant analogs increase the reprogramming or regenerative activity of a reference transcription factor/protein transduction domain fusion polypeptide. These chemical modifications include, but are not limited to, substituting alternative R groups and varying the degree of saturation at specific carbon atoms of a reference fusion polypeptide. Preferably, the fusion protein analogs are relatively resistant to in vivo degradation, resulting in a more prolonged therapeutic effect upon administration. Assays for measuring functional activity include, but are not limited to, those described in the Examples below.

Peptide-Design Approaches

Iterative design approaches (DeFreest et al., J Pept Res, 63:409-19, 2004) offer unique opportunities to optimize the structure and function of the candidate anti-angiogenic peptides. During iterative design an initial set of amino acids is substituted and the effect of the resulting agent on angiogenesis is assayed. The exploration of the structure-function relationships, but most importantly the conservation of the biophysical and biochemical characteristics of the peptides, during the iterative design and synthesis, is expected to contribute to the optimization of the anti-angiogenic activity. To determine which residues are essential to the bioactivity of the predicted peptide a series of analogs is prepared and evaluated.

In order to assess the types of substitutions within the amino acid sequence of the candidate peptide one can initially use computational methods. The most straightforward method for deciphering the importance of each amino acid is to investigate the conservation of these amino acids at multiple orthologues (same locus in different organisms). Amino acids that are conserved among different organisms are identified as functionally significant. From a biophysical point of view electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic partitioning act in concert to promote the interactions of the peptides with their receptors. In this sense, any point substitution should comply with the conservation of the net charge and hydrophobicity of the agent (DeFreest et al., J Pept Res, 63:409-19, 2004). Phage display technology can also be used for performing random substitutions at expressed peptides of 20-25 amino acids length (Scott and Smith, Science, 249:386-90, 1990). In each of the cases the resultant peptide is tested for its effect on angiogenesis using any of the assays described herein.

Design optimization of the activity of the predicted peptides can also be performed by altering specific structural characteristics of the agents. For example, it has been shown (DeFreest et al., J Pept Res, 63:409-19, 2004) that head-to-tail cyclization of the molecules confers an active dose range broader than the linear form of the molecules, and the peptide stability and shelf life are not compromised. The head-to-tail conjunction can occur either by a disulfide bond or by a peptide bond formation. The use of a peptide bond may be advantageous for purposes of shelf life, and elimination of dimers, trimers, and higher-order aggregates formation that can sometimes develop when peptides are stored or used in conditions where the redox state cannot be fully controlled. The cyclization approaches are discussed in the following section.

Cyclization of Linear Peptides

Cyclization of peptides has been shown to be a useful approach to developing diagnostically and therapeutically useful peptidic and peptidomimetic agents. Cyclization of peptides reduces the conformational freedom of these flexible, linear molecules, and often results in higher receptor binding affinities by reducing unfavorable entropic effects. Because of the more constrained structural framework, these agents are more selective in their affinity to specific receptor cavities. By the same reasoning, structurally constrained cyclic peptides confer greater stability against the action of proteolytic enzymes.

Methods for cyclization can be classified into the so called “backbone to backbone” cyclization by the formation of the amide bond between the N-terminal and the C-terminal amino acid residues, and cyclizations involving the side chains of individual amino acids (Li and Roller, Curr Top Med Chem, 2:325-41, 2002). Although many novel approaches have been developed to accomplish the head-to-tail cyclization of linear peptides and peptidomimetics, the most commonly used method is still the solution phase macro-cyclization using peptide coupling reagents. The results of the peptide cyclization are mainly influenced by the conformation of the linear peptide precursors in solution. Synthesis design is affected by the strategy of the ring disconnection, and the rational selection of peptide coupling reagents. A reasonable ring disconnection will significantly facilitate the peptide macro-cyclization reaction, while a poor selection of cyclization site may result in slow reaction speed and low yield accompanied by various side reactions such as racemization, dimerization, and oligomerization.

Cyclization involving the side chains of individual amino acids includes the formation of disulfide bridges between omega-thio amino acid residues (cysteine, homocysteine), the formation of lactam bridges between glutamic/aspartic acid and lysine residues, the formation of lactone or thiolactone bridges between amino acid residues containing carboxyl, hydroxyl or mercapto functional groups, and the formation of thio-ether or ether bridges between the amino acids containing hydroxyl or mercapto functional groups.

Recombinant Polypeptide Expression

The invention provides therapeutic peptides that are most commonly generated by routine methods for peptide synthesis. Such methods are known in the art and are described herein. If an alternative approach is desired, the peptides are expressed recombinantly, either alone, or as part of a larger fusion protein that includes an anti-angiogenic peptide operably linked to a polypeptide that facilitates expression. If desired, the peptide can subsequently be cleaved (e.g., enzymatically) from the fusion protein. Where the fusion protein does not interfere with the anti-angiogenic activity of the peptide such cleavage may not be necessary or even desirable. When the therapeutic peptide or fusion protein comprising the peptide contacts an endothelial cell, tissue, or organ comprising such a cell it reduces angiogenesis. Recombinant polypeptides of the invention are produced using virtually any method known to the skilled artisan. Typically, recombinant polypeptides are produced by transformation of a suitable host cell with all or part of a polypeptide-encoding nucleic acid molecule or fragment thereof in a suitable expression vehicle.

Those skilled in the field of molecular biology will understand that any of a wide variety of expression systems may be used to provide the recombinant protein. The precise host cell used is not critical to the invention. A polypeptide of the invention may be produced in a prokaryotic host (e.g., E. coli) or in a eukaryotic host (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, insect cells, e.g., Sf21 cells, or mammalian cells, e.g., NIH 3T3, HeLa, or preferably COS cells). Such cells are available from a wide range of sources (e.g., the American Type Culture Collection, Rockland, Md.; also, see, e.g., Ausubel et al., Current Protocol in Molecular Biology, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1997). The method of transformation or transfection and the choice of expression vehicle will depend on the host system selected. Transformation and transfection methods are described, e.g., in Ausubel et al. (supra); expression vehicles may be chosen from those provided, e.g., in Cloning Vectors: A Laboratory Manual (P. H. Pouwels et al., 1985, Supp. 1987).

A variety of expression systems exist for the production of the polypeptides of the invention. Expression vectors useful for producing such polypeptides include, without limitation, chromosomal, episomal, and virus-derived vectors, e.g., vectors derived from bacterial plasmids, from bacteriophage, from transposons, from yeast episomes, from insertion elements, from yeast chromosomal elements, from viruses such as baculoviruses, papova viruses, such as SV40, vaccinia viruses, adenoviruses, fowl pox viruses, pseudorabies viruses and retroviruses, and vectors derived from combinations thereof.

One particular bacterial expression system for polypeptide production is the E. coli pET expression system (e.g., pET-28) (Novagen, Inc., Madison, Wis.). According to this expression system, DNA encoding a polypeptide is inserted into a pET vector in an orientation designed to allow expression. Since the gene encoding such a polypeptide is under the control of the T7 regulatory signals, expression of the polypeptide is achieved by inducing the expression of T7 RNA polymerase in the host cell. This is typically achieved using host strains that express T7 RNA polymerase in response to IPTG induction. Once produced, recombinant polypeptide is then isolated according to standard methods known in the art, for example, those described herein.

Another bacterial expression system for polypeptide production is the pGEX expression system (Pharmacia). This system employs a GST gene fusion system that is designed for high-level expression of genes or gene fragments as fusion proteins with rapid purification and recovery of functional gene products. The protein of interest is fused to the carboxyl terminus of the glutathione S-transferase protein from Schistosoma japonicum and is readily purified from bacterial lysates by affinity chromatography using Glutathione Sepharose 4B. Fusion proteins can be recovered under mild conditions by elution with glutathione. Cleavage of the glutathione S-transferase domain from the fusion protein is facilitated by the presence of recognition sites for site-specific proteases upstream of this domain. For example, proteins expressed in pGEX-2T plasmids may be cleaved with thrombin; those expressed in pGEX-3X may be cleaved with factor Xa.

Alternatively, recombinant polypeptides of the invention are expressed in Pichia pastoris, a methylotrophic yeast. Pichia is capable of metabolizing methanol as the sole carbon source. The first step in the metabolism of methanol is the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde by the enzyme, alcohol oxidase. Expression of this enzyme, which is coded for by the AOX1 gene is induced by methanol. The AOX1 promoter can be used for inducible polypeptide expression or the GAP promoter for constitutive expression of a gene of interest.

Once the recombinant polypeptide of the invention is expressed, it is isolated, for example, using affinity chromatography. In one example, an antibody (e.g., produced as described herein) raised against a polypeptide of the invention may be attached to a column used to isolate the recombinant polypeptide. Lysis and fractionation of polypeptide-harboring cells prior to affinity chromatography may be performed by standard methods (see, e.g., Ausubel et al., supra). Alternatively, the polypeptide is isolated using a sequence tag, such as a hexahistidine tag (SEQ ID NO: 2314), that binds to nickel column.

Once isolated, the recombinant protein can, if desired, be further purified, e.g., by high performance liquid chromatography (see, e.g., Fisher, Laboratory Techniques In Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, eds., Work and Burdon, Elsevier, 1980). Polypeptides of the invention, particularly short peptide fragments, can also be produced by chemical synthesis (e.g., by the methods described in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., 1984 The Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.). These general techniques of polypeptide expression and purification can also be used to produce and isolate useful peptide fragments or analogs (described herein).

Combinatorial Peptide Libraries

In addition to the synthetic solid state production of small peptides, the amino acid sequences of predicted fragments can be expressed and produced recombinantly using a variety of genetically modified organisms following insertion of the relevant DNA into their genome. One such widely used organism is Escherichia coli. Combinatorial biology depends on the ability to link peptides to their encoding DNA and create large libraries of encoded peptides. The methods for generating DNA-encoded peptide libraries can be divided into two groups. In vitro methods use libraries in which the peptides are accessible to exogenous ligands or cells. These libraries can be used in direct in vitro binding selections with cell cultures to enrich for peptides that induce particular phenotypes. In contrast, in vivo methods use peptide libraries that are expressed inside living cells. An interaction between a particular library member and the target protein is detected by virtue of an effect on the host cell, such as a selective growth advantage, or changes to a physical property of the host cell (Pelletier and Sidhu, Curr Opin Biotechnol, 12:340-7, 2001).

To optimize a set of peptides, such as those peptides identified herein, in vitro methods for creating and testing peptide libraries are suitable. In one embodiment, oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis of initial sequence is used. In another embodiment, a phage is used to display libraries of peptides.

Oligonucleotide Directed Mutagenesis

Oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis can be used in order to modify a single or multiple amino acids that compose the maternal sequence of the predicted anti-angiogenic fragments (Ryu and Nam, Biotechnol Prog, 16:2-16, 2000). Directed mutagenesis is based on the concept that an oligonucleotide encoding a desired mutation is annealed to one strand of a DNA of interest and serves as a primer for initiation of DNA synthesis. In this manner, the mutagenic oligonucleotide is incorporated into the newly synthesized strand. Mutagenic oligonucleotides incorporate at least one base change but can be designed to generate multiple substitutions, insertions or deletions.

Oligonucleotides can also encode a library of mutations by randomizing the base composition at sites during chemical synthesis resulting in degenerate oligonucleotides. The ability to localize and specify mutations is greatly enhanced by the use of synthetic oligonucleotides hybridized to the DNA insert-containing plasmid vector. The general format for site-directed mutagenesis includes several steps. Plasmid DNA containing the template of interest (cDNA) is denatured to produce single-stranded regions. A synthetic mutant oligonucleotide is annealed to the target strand. DNA polymerase is used to synthesize a new complementary strand, and finally DNA ligase is used to seal the resulting nick between the end of the new strand and the oligonucleotide. The resulting heteroduplex is propagated by transformation in E. coli.

Phage-Displayed Peptide Library Screening

Phage display is one method for in vitro combinatorial biology. The method stems from the observation that peptides fused to certain bacteriophage coat proteins are displayed on the surfaces of phage particles that also contain the cognate DNA (Landon et al., Curr Drug Discov Technol, 1:113-32, 2004).

Phage display describes a selection technique in which a library of variants of an initial peptide (e.g., a peptide described herein), is expressed on the outside of a phage virion, while the genetic material encoding each variant resides on the inside. This creates a physical linkage between each variant protein sequence and the DNA encoding it, which allows rapid partitioning based on binding affinity to a given target molecule by an in vitro selection process called panning. In its simplest form, panning is carried out by incubating a library of phage-displayed peptides with a plate containing a culture of cells, such as endothelial cells, washing away the unbound phage, and eluting the specifically bound phage. The eluted phage is then amplified and taken through additional binding/amplification cycles to enrich the pool in favor of specific phenotypes, such as suppression of proliferation, of the cells that are cultured. After 3-4 rounds, individual clones are characterized by DNA sequencing and ELISA.

Libraries of “fusion phages” are rapidly sorted to obtain clones with desired properties and phages can be readily amplified by passage through a bacterial host. Phage display was first demonstrated with the Escherichia-coli-specific M13 bacteriophage and this remains the most popular platform. Several other E. coli phages have also been adapted for phage display and eukaryotic systems have also been developed.

Screening Assays

Polypeptides and fragments of the invention are useful as targets for the identification of agents that modulate angiogenesis. In particular, the peptides identified herein are typically polypeptide fragments that are hidden within hydrophobic regions of a larger polypeptide. While the entire polypeptide may be pro-angiogenic, the peptides of the invention are typically anti-angiogenic. As such, the activity of these peptides, when exposed to the cellular or extracellular milleau, may reduce the pro-angiogenic function of the larger polypeptide. Where this antagonistic function is undesirable, agents that bind and/or inhibit the biological activity of these peptides are sought. Once identified, such agents are used to enhance angiogenesis. In another approach, anti-angiogenic agents are identified by screening for agents that bind to and enhance the activity of a peptide of the invention. Once identified, such agents are used to reduce angiogenesis.

Alternatively, or in addition, candidate agents may be identified that specifically bind to and inhibit a peptide of the invention. The efficacy of such a candidate compound is dependent upon its ability to interact with the peptide. Such an interaction can be readily assayed using any number of standard binding techniques and functional assays (e.g., those described in Ausubel et al., supra). For example, a candidate compound may be tested in vitro for interaction and binding with a polypeptide of the invention and its ability to modulate angiogenesis may be assayed by any standard assays (e.g., those described herein).

Potential antagonists include organic molecules, peptides, peptide mimetics, polypeptides, nucleic acid ligands, aptamers, and antibodies that bind to a peptide of the invention and thereby inhibit or extinguish its activity. Potential antagonists also include small molecules that bind to and occupy the binding site of the polypeptide thereby preventing binding to cellular binding molecules, such that normal biological activity is prevented.

In one particular example, a candidate compound that binds to a pathogenicity polypeptide may be identified using a chromatography-based technique. For example, a recombinant polypeptide of the invention may be purified by standard techniques from cells engineered to express the polypeptide, or may be chemically synthesized, once purified the peptide is immobilized on a column. A solution of candidate compounds is then passed through the column, and a compound specific for the peptide is identified on the basis of its ability to bind to the peptide and be immobilized on the column. To isolate the compound, the column is washed to remove non-specifically bound molecules, and the compound of interest is then released from the column and collected. Compounds isolated by this method (or any other appropriate method) may, if desired, be further purified (e.g., by high performance liquid chromatography). In addition, these candidate compounds may be tested for their ability to modulate angiogenesis (e.g., as described herein). Compounds isolated by this approach may also be used, for example, as therapeutics to treat or prevent the onset of a disease or disorder characterized by excess or undesirable angiogenesis. Compounds that are identified as binding to peptides with an affinity constant less than or equal to 1 nM, 5 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 mM or 10 mM are considered particularly useful in the invention.

Methods of the invention are useful for the high-throughput low-cost screening of polypeptides, biologically active fragments or analogs thereof that can be used to modulate angiogenesis. One skilled in the art appreciates that the effects of a candidate peptide on a cell (e.g., an endothelial cell) are typically compared to a corresponding control cell not contacted with the candidate peptide. Thus, the screening methods include comparing the expression profile, phenotype, or biological activity of a cell modulated by a candidate peptide to a reference value of an untreated control cell.

In one example, candidate peptides are added at varying concentrations to the culture medium of an endothelial cell. The survival, tube formation, apoptosis, proliferation, migration of the cell are assayed as indicators of angiogenesis. Peptides that reduce the survival, tube formation, proliferation, or migration of an endothelial cell are identified as useful anti-angiogenic agents. Alternatively, peptides that enhance the survival, tube formation, proliferation, or migration of an endothelial cell are identified as useful angiogenic agents. In another embodiment, the expression of a nucleic acid molecule or polypeptide characteristic of the vasculature is monitored. Typical cell surface markers include the fibronectin extra-domain B, large tenascin-C isoforms, various integrins, VEGF receptors, prostate specific membrane antigen, endoglin and CD44 isoforms and tumor endothelium marker (TEM). Peptides or other agents that alter the expression of such markers are identified as useful modulators of angiogenesis. An agent that reduces the expression of a characteristic polypeptide expressed in the vasculature is considered useful in the invention; such an agent may be used, for example, as a therapeutic to prevent, delay, ameliorate, stabilize, or treat an injury, disease or disorder characterized by an undesirable increase in neovascularization. In other embodiments, agents that increase the expression or activity of a marker characteristically expressed in an endothelial cell are used to prevent, delay, ameliorate, stabilize, or treat an injury, disease or disorder characterized by a reduction in angiogenesis. Agents identified according to the methods described herein maybe administered to a patient in need of angiogenesis modulation. Where such agents are peptides, such as those described herein, one skilled in the art appreciates that the invention further provides nucleic acid sequences encoding such peptides (e.g., a peptide shown in Tables 1-10).

Test Compounds and Extracts

In general, peptides are identified from large libraries of natural product or synthetic (or semi-synthetic) extracts or chemical libraries or from polypeptide or nucleic acid libraries, according to methods known in the art. Such candidate polypeptides or the nucleic acid molecules encoding them may be modified to enhance biodistribution, protease resistance, or specificity. The modified peptides are then screened for a desired activity (e.g., angiogenesis modulating activity). Those skilled in the field of drug discovery and development will understand that the precise source of test extracts or compounds is not critical to the screening procedure(s) of the invention. Agents used in screens may include known compounds (for example, known polypeptide therapeutics used for other diseases or disorders). Alternatively, virtually any number of unknown chemical extracts or compounds can be screened using the methods described herein. Examples of such extracts or compounds include, but are not limited to, plant-, fungal-, prokaryotic- or animal-based extracts, fermentation broths, and synthetic compounds, as well as the modification of existing polypeptides.

Libraries of natural polypeptides in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant, and animal extracts are commercially available from a number of sources, including Biotics (Sussex, UK), Xenova (Slough, UK), Harbor Branch Oceangraphics Institute (Ft. Pierce, Fla.), and PharmaMar, U.S.A. (Cambridge, Mass.). Such polypeptides can be modified to include a protein transduction domain using methods known in the art and described herein. In addition, natural and synthetically produced libraries are produced, if desired, according to methods known in the art, e.g., by standard extraction and fractionation methods. Examples of methods for the synthesis of molecular libraries can be found in the art, for example in: DeWitt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:6909, 1993; Erb et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:11422, 1994; Zuckermann et al., J. Med. Chem. 37:2678, 1994; Cho et al., Science 261:1303, 1993; Carrell et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2059, 1994; Carell et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 33:2061, 1994; and Gallop et al., J. Med. Chem. 37:1233, 1994. Furthermore, if desired, any library or compound is readily modified using standard chemical, physical, or biochemical methods.

Numerous methods are also available for generating random or directed synthesis (e.g., semi-synthesis or total synthesis) of any number of polypeptides, chemical compounds, including, but not limited to, saccharide-, lipid-, peptide-, and nucleic acid-based compounds. Synthetic compound libraries are commercially available from Brandon Associates (Merrimack, N.H.) and Aldrich Chemical (Milwaukee, Wis.). Alternatively, chemical compounds to be used as candidate compounds can be synthesized from readily available starting materials using standard synthetic techniques and methodologies known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds identified by the methods described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.

Libraries of compounds may be presented in solution (e.g., Houghten, Biotechniques 13:412-421, 1992), or on beads (Lam, Nature 354:82-84, 1991), chips (Fodor, Nature 364:555-556, 1993), bacteria (Ladner, U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), spores (Ladner U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,409), plasmids (Cull et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:1865-1869, 1992) or on phage (Scott and Smith, Science 249:386-390, 1990; Devlin, Science 249:404-406, 1990; Cwirla et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87:6378-6382, 1990; Felici, J. Mol. Biol. 222:301-310, 1991; Ladner supra.).

In addition, those skilled in the art of drug discovery and development readily understand that methods for dereplication (e.g., taxonomic dereplication, biological dereplication, and chemical dereplication, or any combination thereof) or the elimination of replicates or repeats of materials already known for their activity should be employed whenever possible.

When a crude extract is found to have angiogenesis modulating activity further fractionation of the positive lead extract is necessary to isolate molecular constituents responsible for the observed effect. Thus, the goal of the extraction, fractionation, and purification process is the careful characterization and identification of a chemical entity within the crude extract that alters angiogenesis (increases or decreases). Methods of fractionation and purification of such heterogeneous extracts are known in the art. If desired, compounds shown to be useful as therapeutics are chemically modified according to methods known in the art.

Therapeutic Methods

Therapeutic polypeptides, peptides, or analogs or fragments thereof, as well as the nucleic acid molecules encoding such molecules are useful for preventing or ameliorating a disease or injury associated with an undesirable increase or decrease in angiogenesis. Diseases and disorders characterized by excess angiogenesis may be treated using the methods and compositions of the invention. Such diseases and disorders include, but are not limited to, neoplasia, hematologic malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, and pathologic obesity. In one embodiment, a peptide of the invention is delivered to one or more endothelial cells at a site of angiogenesis-associated disease or injury.

In other embodiments, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a peptide of the invention is administered to a cell, tissue, or organ in need of a reduction in angiogenesis. If desired, the peptide is expressed as a fusion with a longer polypeptide. The peptide may then be cleaved from the polypeptide to achieve its desired therapeutic effect. Such cleavage is not required where the fusion protein does not interfere with the peptide's biological activity.

Transducing viral (e.g., retroviral, adenoviral, and adeno-associated viral) vectors can be used for somatic cell gene therapy, especially because of their high efficiency of infection and stable integration and expression (see, e.g., Cayouette et al., Human Gene Therapy 8:423-430, 1997; Kido et al., Current Eye Research 15:833-844, 1996; Bloomer et al., Journal of Virology 71:6641-6649, 1997; Naldini et al., Science 272:263-267, 1996; and Miyoshi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94:10319, 1997). For example, a full length gene sialidase gene, or a portion thereof, can be cloned into a retroviral vector and expression can be driven from its endogenous promoter, from the retroviral long terminal repeat, or from a promoter specific for a target cell type of interest (e.g. endothelial cell). Other viral vectors that can be used include, for example, a vaccinia virus, a bovine papilloma virus, or a herpes virus, such as Epstein-Barr Virus (also see, for example, the vectors of Miller, Human Gene Therapy 15-14, 1990; Friedman, Science 244:1275-1281, 1989; Eglitis et al., BioTechniques 6:608-614, 1988; Tolstoshev et al., Current Opinion in Biotechnology 1:55-61, 1990; Sharp, The Lancet 337:1277-1278, 1991; Cornetta et al., Nucleic Acid Research and Molecular Biology 36:311-322, 1987; Anderson, Science 226:401-409, 1984; Moen, Blood Cells 17:407-416, 1991; Miller et al., Biotechnology 7:980-990, 1989; Le Gal La Salle et al., Science 259:988-990, 1993; and Johnson, Chest 107:77 S-83S, 1995). Retroviral vectors are particularly well developed and have been used in clinical settings (Rosenberg et al., N. Engl. J. Med 323:370, 1990; Anderson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,346). Most preferably, a viral vector is used to administer the gene of interest systemically or to a cell at the site of neovascularization.

Non-viral approaches can also be employed for the introduction of therapeutic to a cell of a patient having an angiogenesis related disease. For example, a nucleic acid molecule can be introduced into a cell by administering the nucleic acid in the presence of lipofectin (Feigner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84:7413, 1987; Ono et al., Neuroscience Letters 17:259, 1990; Brigham et al., Am. J. Med. Sci. 298:278, 1989; Staubinger et al., Methods in Enzymology 101:512, 1983), asialoorosomucoid-polylysine conjugation (Wu et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 263:14621, 1988; Wu et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry 264:16985, 1989), or by micro-injection under surgical conditions (Wolff et al., Science 247:1465, 1990). Preferably the nucleic acids are administered in combination with a liposome and protamine.

Gene transfer can also be achieved using non-viral means involving transfection in vitro. Such methods include the use of calcium phosphate, DEAE dextran, electroporation, and protoplast fusion. Liposomes can also be potentially beneficial for delivery of DNA into a cell. Transplantation of normal genes into the affected tissues of a patient can also be accomplished by transferring a normal nucleic acid into a cultivatable cell type ex vivo (e.g., an autologous or heterologous primary cell or progeny thereof), after which the cell (or its descendants) are injected into a targeted tissue at the site of disease or injury.

cDNA expression for use in such methods can be directed from any suitable promoter (e.g., the human cytomegalovirus (CMV), simian virus 40 (SV40), or metallothionein promoters), and regulated by any appropriate mammalian regulatory element. For example, if desired, enhancers known to preferentially direct gene expression in specific cell types, such as an intestinal epithelial cell, can be used to direct the expression of a nucleic acid. The enhancers used can include, without limitation, those that are characterized as tissue- or cell-specific enhancers. Alternatively, if a genomic clone is used as a therapeutic construct, regulation can be mediated by the cognate regulatory sequences or, if desired, by regulatory sequences derived from a heterologous source, including any of the promoters or regulatory elements described above.

Another therapeutic approach included in the invention involves administration of a recombinant therapeutic, such as a sialidase polypeptide, biologically active fragment, or variant thereof, either directly to the site of a potential or actual disease-affected tissue (for example, by administration to the intestine) or systemically (for example, by any conventional recombinant protein administration technique). The dosage of the administered protein depends on a number of factors, including the size and health of the individual patient. For any particular subject, the specific dosage regimes should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions. Generally, between 0.1 mg and 100 mg, is administered per day to an adult in any pharmaceutically acceptable formulation.

Pharmaceutical Therapeutics

The invention provides a simple means for identifying compositions (including nucleic acids, peptides, small molecule inhibitors, and mimetics) capable of acting as therapeutics for the treatment of a disease associated with altered levels of angiogenesis. Accordingly, a chemical entity discovered to have medicinal value using the methods described herein is useful as a drug or as information for structural modification of existing compounds, e.g., by rational drug design. Such methods are useful for screening compounds having an effect on a variety of conditions characterized by undesired angiogenesis.

For therapeutic uses, the compositions or agents identified using the methods disclosed herein may be administered systemically, for example, formulated in a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer such as physiological saline. Preferable routes of administration include, for example, subcutaneous, intravenous, interperitoneally, intramuscular, or intradermal injections that provide continuous, sustained levels of the drug in the patient. Treatment of human patients or other animals will be carried out using a therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic agent described herein in a physiologically-acceptable carrier. Suitable carriers and their formulation are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin. The amount of the therapeutic agent to be administered varies depending upon the manner of administration, the age and body weight of the patient, and with the clinical symptoms of the disease or disorder. Generally, amounts will be in the range of those used for other agents used in the treatment of other diseases associated with alterations in angiogenesis, although in certain instances lower amounts will be needed because of the increased specificity of the compound. A compound is administered at a dosage that controls the clinical or physiological symptoms associated with angiogenesis as determined by a diagnostic method known to one skilled in the art.

It would be advantageous to administer therapeutic peptides in a formulation that would slow their elimination from the circulation through renal filtration, enzymatic degradation, uptake by the reticulo-endothelial system (RES), and accumulation in non-targeted organs and tissues. In addition, methods for administering agents that limits their widespread distribution in non-targeted organs and tissues allows lower concentrations of the agent to be administered reducing adverse side-effects and providing economic benefits. A variety of methods are available to slow the elimination of agents of the invention. In one embodiment, an implantable device is used to provide for the controlled release of an agent described herein. Such devices are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, polymeric gels and micro-fabricated chips. Some of these devices are already used in the clinic or are being tested in clinical trials (Moses et al., Cancer Cell, 4:337-41, 2003). Various delivery methods for anti-angiogenic agents are tissue specific, e.g., intraocular and periocular injection or gene transfer in the eye (Akiyama et al., J Cell Physiol, 2006; Saishin et al., Hum Gene Ther, 16:473-8, 2005). Numerous reviews on the subject of anti-angiogenic drug delivery are available.

Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect

For the treatment of neoplasia or sites of neovascularization, the “enhanced permeability and retention effect” (EPR) constitutes a natural mechanism through which high molecular weight (40 kDa or higher) macromolecules with long circulation half-lives, including peptides and proteins conjugated with water-soluble polymers, accumulate (Shukla and Krag, Expert Opin Biol Ther, 6:39-54, 2006; Torchilin and Lukyanov, Drug Discov Today, 8:259-66, 2003). This effect occurs because of certain characteristics of those tissues. The first is that tumor or newly formed vasculature, unlike the vasculature of healthy tissues, is permeable to macromolecules with a MW up to 50 kDa or even higher. This allows macromolecules to enter into the interstitial space. Another characteristic is that in the case of many tumors the lymphatic system, which is responsible for the drainage of macromolecules from normal tissues, is impaired. Because of this, macromolecules that have entered a neo-vascularized tissue are retained there for a prolonged time. To enhance the retention of a low MW peptide described herein, the peptide may be conjugated to a suitable polymer or delivered using a micro-reservoir system.

Peptide and Protein Polymer Conjugation

Mechanisms that increase the MW of a peptide, such as conjugation with polymer chains or concentration of the drug in micro-reservoir systems tend to increase the retention time of the peptide in the tissue (Duncan, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2:347-60, 2003). Moreover, renal filtration and excretion are mainly responsible for the rapid clearance from the systemic circulation of proteins with molecular weights (MW) of 40 kDa or lower. Rapid clearance and increased retention of a peptide of interest can be achieved by conjugating the peptides with water-soluble polymers. Preferably, the peptide-polymer conjugate has a molecular weight of at least about 30 kDA, 35 kDa, 40 kDa, 50 kDa, 75 kDa, or 100 kDa. Additional benefits of peptide and protein-polymer conjugation include increased resistance to enzymatic degradation and reduced immunogenicity.

Even endogenous proteins can be susceptible to protease degradation in the bloodstream and interstitial space or induce an immune response. Enzymatic degradation and an immune response against a protein result in its rapid elimination from the systemic circulation. In addition, the development of an immune response is potentially dangerous because of the possibility of allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock upon repetitive administrations. The mechanism of protein protection by polymer attachment is similar in both cases. Polymer molecules attached to the protein create steric hindrances, which interfere with binding to the active sites of proteases, and antigen-processing cells. Examples of peptide/protein-polymer conjugation include conjugates with poly(ethylene glycol) and conjugates with poly(styrene-co-maleic acid anhydride).

Conjugates with Poly(Ethylene Glycol)

Several polymers have been used for protein stabilization with varying degrees of success. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is one widely used polymer for the modification of proteins with therapeutic potential (Thanou and Duncan, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 4:701-9, 2003; Vicent and Duncan, Trends Biotechnol, 24:39-47, 2006). This polymer is inexpensive, has low toxicity and has been approved for internal applications by drug regulatory agencies. PEG is commercially available in a variety of molecular weights and in chemically activated, ready-for-use forms for covalent attachment to proteins.

Conjugates with Poly(Styrene-Co-Maleic Acid Anhydride)

In some cases, the circulation time of drugs can be increased by conjugating with polymers that are not large enough to prevent renal clearance themselves, but which can attach themselves, with their conjugated drug, to natural long-circulating blood plasma components, such as serum albumin or lipoproteins (Thanou and Duncan, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 4:701-9, 2003; Vicent and Duncan, Trends Biotechnol, 24:39-47, 2006).

Because of the small size and low molecular weight of the identified anti-angiogenic peptides and the high probability that the conjugated polymers, which are orders of magnitude larger than the peptides, may sterically hinder the activity of the fragments the method of protein conjugation may not be the most efficient method for increasing the retention of the agent in the neo-vascular site. A more attractive scenario is the administration of the peptide in a micro-reservoir delivery system.

Formulation of Pharmaceutical Compositions

The administration of a compound for the treatment of a disease or disorder associated with altered levels of angiogenesis may be by any suitable means that results in a concentration of the therapeutic that, combined with other components, is effective in ameliorating, reducing, or stabilizing a disease or disorder associated with altered levels of angiogenesis (e.g., an amount sufficient to reduce neovascularization). The compound may be contained in any appropriate amount in any suitable carrier substance, and is generally present in an amount of 1-95% by weight of the total weight of the composition. The composition may be provided in a dosage form that is suitable for parenteral (e.g., subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, or intraperitoneally) administration route. The pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated according to conventional pharmaceutical practice (see, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (20th ed.), ed. A. R. Gennaro, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000 and Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, eds. J. Swarbrick and J. C. Boylan, 1988-1999, Marcel Dekker, New York).

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be formulated to release the active compound substantially immediately upon administration or at any predetermined time or time period after administration. The latter types of compositions are generally known as controlled release formulations, which include (i) formulations that create a substantially constant concentration of the drug within the body over an extended period of time; (ii) formulations that after a predetermined lag time create a substantially constant concentration of the drug within the body over an extended period of time; (iii) formulations that sustain action during a predetermined time period by maintaining a relatively constant, effective level in the body with concomitant minimization of undesirable side effects associated with fluctuations in the plasma level of the active substance (sawtooth kinetic pattern); (iv) formulations that localize action by, e.g., spatial placement of a controlled release composition adjacent to or in the central nervous system or cerebrospinal fluid; (v) formulations that allow for convenient dosing, such that doses are administered, for example, once every one or two weeks; and (vi) formulations that allow for convenient dosing for metronomic therapy that would require taking small doses of the drug several times a week; (vii) formulations that target a disease or disorder associated with altered levels of angiogenesis by using carriers or chemical derivatives to deliver the therapeutic agent to a particular cell type (e.g., endothelial cell) whose function is perturbed in a disease or disorder associated with altered levels of angiogenesis.

For some applications, controlled release formulations obviate the need for frequent dosing during the day to sustain the plasma level at a therapeutic level.

Any of a number of strategies can be pursued in order to obtain controlled release in which the rate of release outweighs the rate of metabolism of the compound in question. In one example, controlled release is obtained by appropriate selection of various formulation parameters and ingredients, including, e.g., various types of controlled release compositions and coatings. Thus, the therapeutic is formulated with appropriate excipients into a pharmaceutical composition that, upon administration, releases the therapeutic in a controlled manner. Examples include single or multiple unit tablet or capsule compositions, oil solutions, suspensions, emulsions, microcapsules, microspheres, molecular complexes, nanoparticles, patches, and liposomes.

Micro-Reservoir Delivery Systems

For some applications, micro-reservoir or micro-particulate carriers are used to deliver a peptide of the invention. Such systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes, micelles, polymer micro-particles, and cell ghosts. The use of such carriers results in a much higher ratio of active agent over carrier compared with direct molecular conjugates. They also provide a higher degree of protection against enzymatic degradation and other destructive factors upon parenteral administration because the carrier wall completely isolates drug molecules from the environment. An additional advantage of these carriers is that a single carrier can deliver multiple drug species so that they can be used in combination therapies. All micro-particulates are too large to be lost by renal filtration (Thanou and Duncan, Curr Opin Investig Drugs, 4:701-9, 2003). Exemplary micro-particulate delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and micelles.

Liposomes

Among particulate drug carriers, liposomes are the most extensively studied and possess suitable characteristics for peptide and protein encapsulation. Liposomes are vesicles formed by concentric spherical phospholipid bilayers encapsulating an aqueous space (Moses et al., Cancer Cell, 4:337-41, 2003). These particles are biocompatible, biologically inert and cause little toxic or antigenic reactions. Their inner aqueous compartment can be used for encapsulation of peptides and proteins. Many techniques for liposome preparation require only manipulations that are compatible with peptide and protein integrity (Allen and Cullis, Science, 303:1818-22, 2004). As with other micro-particulate delivery systems, cells of the RES rapidly eliminate conventional liposomes.

In one embodiment, surface-modified long-circulating liposomes grafted with a flexible hydrophilic polymer, such as PEG, are used. This approach prevents plasma protein adsorption to the liposome surface and the subsequent recognition and uptake of liposomes by the RES. Liposomes, in common with protein conjugated macromolecules, can accumulate in tumors of various origins via the EPR effect. Currently, liposomal forms of at least two conventional anticancer drugs, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, are used in the clinic (Torchilin and Lukyanov, Drug Discov Today, 8:259-66, 2003).

Micelles

In another approach, micelles or polymeric micelles, including those prepared from amphiphilic PEG-phospholipid conjugates, may be used to deliver an agent of the invention. Such formulations are of special interest because of their stability (Torchilin and Lukyanov, Drug Discov Today, 8:259-66, 2003). These particles are smaller than liposomes and lack the internal aqueous space. To load micelles, peptides can be attached to the surface of these particles or incorporated into them via a chemically attached hydrophobic anchor. An example of a biodegradable micelle developed for delivery of pharmacological agents are the poly{[(cholesteryl oxocarbonylamido ethyl) methyl bis(ethylene) ammonium iodide]ethyl phosphate} (PCEP) micelles (Wen, Mao et al., J Pharm Sci. 93:2142-57, 2004). Carrying a positive charge in its backbone and a lipophilic cholesterol structure in the side chain, PCEP self-assembles into micelles in aqueous buffer at room temperature with an average size of 60-100 nm. PCEP is an excellent platform for delivering ant-angiogenic agents as by itself shows lower cytotoxicity for endothelial cells than for poly-L-lysine and Lipofectamine.

Nanoparticles

An increasing number of agents are delivered with colloidal nanoparticles. Such formulations overcome non-cellular and cellular based mechanisms of resistance and increase the selectivity of agents to target cells while reducing their toxicity in normal tissues. Nanoparticles are typically submicron (<1 μm) colloidal systems. In some embodiments, nanoparticles are made of polymers (biodegradable or not). According to the process used for the preparation of the nanoparticles, nanospheres or nanocapsules can be obtained. Unlike nanospheres (matrix systems in which the drug is dispersed throughout the particles), nanocapsules are vesicular systems in which an agent is confined to an aqueous or oily cavity surrounded by a single polymeric membrane. Nanocapsules are one form of ‘reservoir’ system.

In some embodiments, nanoparticles are generated using hydrophilic polymers, (poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poloxamines, poloxamers, polysaccharides) to efficiently coat a nanoparticle surface. These coatings provide a dynamic ‘cloud’ of hydrophilic and neutral chains at the particle surface that repels plasma proteins. Hydrophilic polymers are introduced at the surface in two ways, either by adsorption of surfactants or by use of block or branched copolymers.

Parenteral Compositions

The pharmaceutical composition may be administered parenterally by injection, infusion or implantation (subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or the like) in dosage forms, formulations, or via suitable delivery devices or implants containing conventional, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and adjuvants. The formulation and preparation of such compositions are well known to those skilled in the art of pharmaceutical formulation. Formulations can be found in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, supra.

Compositions for parenteral use may be provided in unit dosage forms (e.g., in single-dose ampoules), or in vials containing several doses and in which a suitable preservative may be added (see below). The composition may be in the form of a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, an infusion device, or a delivery device for implantation, or it may be presented as a dry powder to be reconstituted with water or another suitable vehicle before use. Apart from the active therapeutic(s), the composition may include suitable parenterally acceptable carriers and/or excipients. The active therapeutic(s) may be incorporated into microspheres, microcapsules, nanoparticles, liposomes, or the like for controlled release. Furthermore, the composition may include suspending, solubilizing, stabilizing, pH-adjusting agents, tonicity adjusting agents, and/or dispersing, agents.

As indicated above, the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention may be in the form suitable for sterile injection. To prepare such a composition, the suitable active angiogenic modulating therapeutic(s) are dissolved or suspended in a parenterally acceptable liquid vehicle. Among acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, water adjusted to a suitable pH by addition of an appropriate amount of hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide or a suitable buffer, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution and dextrose solution. The aqueous formulation may also contain one or more preservatives (e.g., methyl, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate). In cases where one of the compounds is only sparingly or slightly soluble in water, a dissolution enhancing or solubilizing agent can be added, or the solvent may include 10-60% w/w of propylene glycol or the like.

Controlled Release Parenteral Compositions

Controlled release parenteral compositions may be in form of aqueous suspensions, microspheres, microcapsules, magnetic microspheres, oil solutions, oil suspensions, or emulsions. Alternatively, the active drug may be incorporated in biocompatible carriers, liposomes, nanoparticles, implants, or infusion devices.

Materials for use in the preparation of microspheres and/or microcapsules are, e.g., biodegradable/bioerodible polymers such as polygalactin, poly-(isobutyl cyanoacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl-L-glutam-nine) and, poly(lactic acid). Biocompatible carriers that may be used when formulating a controlled release parenteral formulation are carbohydrates (e.g., dextrans), proteins (e.g., albumin), lipoproteins, or antibodies. Materials for use in implants can be non-biodegradable (e.g., polydimethyl siloxane) or biodegradable (e.g., poly(caprolactone), poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) or poly(ortho esters) or combinations thereof).

Solid Dosage Forms for Oral Use

Formulations for oral use include tablets containing the active ingredient(s) in a mixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Such formulations are known to the skilled artisan. Excipients may be, for example, inert diluents or fillers (e.g., sucrose, sorbitol, sugar, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, starches including potato starch, calcium carbonate, sodium chloride, lactose, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, or sodium phosphate); granulating and disintegrating agents (e.g., cellulose derivatives including microcrystalline cellulose, starches including potato starch, croscarmellose sodium, alginates, or alginic acid); binding agents (e.g., sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, acacia, alginic acid, sodium alginate, gelatin, starch, pregelatinized starch, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or polyethylene glycol); and lubricating agents, glidants, and antiadhesives (e.g., magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, silicas, hydrogenated vegetable oils, or talc). Other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients can be colorants, flavoring agents, plasticizers, humectants, buffering agents, and the like.

The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques, optionally to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby providing a sustained action over a longer period. The coating may be adapted to release the active drug in a predetermined pattern (e.g., in order to achieve a controlled release formulation) or it may be adapted not to release the active drug until after passage of the stomach (enteric coating). The coating may be a sugar coating, a film coating (e.g., based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, methyl hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, acrylate copolymers, polyethylene glycols and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone), or an enteric coating (e.g., based on methacrylic acid copolymer, cellulose acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, shellac, and/or ethylcellulose). Furthermore, a time delay material such as, e.g., glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.

The solid tablet compositions may include a coating adapted to protect the composition from unwanted chemical changes, (e.g., chemical degradation prior to the release of the active angiogenic modulating therapeutic). The coating may be applied on the solid dosage form in a similar manner as that described in Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, supra.

At least two active angiogenic modulating therapeutics may be mixed together in the tablet, or may be partitioned. In one example, the first active in angiogenic modulating therapeutic is contained on the inside of the tablet, and the second active angiogenic modulating therapeutic is on the outside, such that a substantial portion of the second angiogenic modulating therapeutic is released prior to the release of the first angiogenic modulating therapeutic.

Formulations for oral use may also be presented as chewable tablets, or as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (e.g., potato starch, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin), or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil. Powders and granulates may be prepared using the ingredients mentioned above under tablets and capsules in a conventional manner using, e.g., a mixer, a fluid bed apparatus or a spray drying equipment.

Controlled Release Oral Dosage Forms

Controlled release compositions for oral use are constructed to release the active angiogenic modulating therapeutic by controlling the dissolution and/or the diffusion of the active substance. Dissolution or diffusion controlled release can be achieved by appropriate coating of a tablet, capsule, pellet, or granulate formulation of compounds, or by incorporating the compound into an appropriate matrix. A controlled release coating may include one or more of the coating substances mentioned above and/or, e.g., shellac, beeswax, glycowax, castor wax, carnauba wax, stearyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, glyceryl distearate, glycerol palmitostearate, ethylcellulose, acrylic resins, dl-polylactic acid, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene, polymethacrylate, methylmethacrylate, 2-hydroxymethacrylate, methacrylate hydrogels, 1,3 butylene glycol, ethylene glycol methacrylate, and/or polyethylene glycols. In a controlled release matrix formulation, the matrix material may also include, e.g., hydrated methylcellulose, carnauba wax and stearyl alcohol, carbopol 934, silicone, glyceryl tristearate, methyl acrylate-methyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and/or halogenated fluorocarbon.

A controlled release composition containing one or more therapeutic compounds may also be in the form of a buoyant tablet or capsule (i.e., a tablet or capsule that, upon oral administration, floats on top of the gastric content for a certain period of time). A buoyant tablet formulation of the compound(s) can be prepared by granulating a mixture of the compound(s) with excipients and 20-75% w/w of hydrocolloids, such as hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, or hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The obtained granules can then be compressed into tablets. On contact with the gastric juice, the tablet forms a substantially water-impermeable gel barrier around its surface. This gel barrier takes part in maintaining a density of less than one, thereby allowing the tablet to remain buoyant in the gastric juice.

Polymeric Controlled-Release Implants

In another embodiment, an agent of the invention is delivered by implanting a biodegradable polymeric controlled-release device that stores the pharmaceutical agent and allows its delivery via diffusion into the surrounding tissue. Controlled release devices include Norplant and Gliadel, which are used clinically for the prevention of pregnancy and for brain tumor therapy, respectively. Local delivery of pro- or anti-angiogenic factors can be accomplished by encapsulating the agent within a biocompatible polymer matrix. The controlled-release polymer system is then implanted at the desired tissue site, where it releases the soluble factor directly into the interstitial space of the tissue. The diffusible agent can influence the survival or function of damaged cells within the local tissue, or provide a signal that elicits cell proliferation and migration or apoptosis and suppression of migration within the tissue region.

Controlled release implants are typically composed of inert, biocompatible polymers, such as poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVAc), or biodegradable polymers, such as poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) (Torchilin and Lukyanov, Drug Discov Today, 8:259-66, 2003). EVAc-matrix systems have been used to release protein hormones, growth factors, antibodies, antigens and DNA. EVAc matrices allow a high degree of control over agent release, versatility in allowing the release of a wide range of agents, and good retention of biological activity. Biodegradable polymers have also been used to release growth factors, protein hormones, antibodies, antigens and DNA. Biodegradable materials disappear from the implant site after protein release. Polymer gels might also be useful for topical or localized protein delivery. Systems that release multiple protein factors are also possible (Saltzman and Olbricht, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 1:177-86, 2002; Torchilin and Lukyanov, Drug Discov Today, 8:259-66, 2003).

Biodegradable polymers include non-water-soluble polymers that are degraded by surface or bulk erosion in addition to water-soluble gels that dissolve and are cleared from the body without undergoing a decrease in molecular weight. There are many different types of biodegradable polymers that can potentially be used in the preparation of peptide delivery systems. They include both naturally derived and synthetic materials.

Biocompatibility of Polymeric Systems

Polymers used as drug delivery systems for protein pharmaceuticals need to exhibit biocompatible characteristics in terms of both the polymer's effect on the organism receiving the drug delivery system and the polymer's effect on the protein to be delivered. Several aspects of a polymeric delivery system ultimately contribute to its overall biocompatibility, or lack thereof. The polymer itself, which consists of a repeating monomeric species, may potentially be antigenic, carcinogenic, or toxic or have some inherent incompatibility with organisms. The shape of an implanted material has been implicated in its biocompatibility as well, smooth surfaces being less irritating and more biocompatible than rough surfaces (Saltzman and Olbricht, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 1:177-86, 2002).

Pharmaceutical Stability

Interactions between proteins and polymeric materials appear to be protein and polymer specific. At issue are the protein molecular weight, which is an important parameter with regard to diffusion characteristics and the iso-electric point of the protein (and polymer as well in some cases), which governs charge-charge interactions (protein-polymer and protein-protein). Moreover the presence of cysteines on the protein may facilitate the formation of intermolecular (i.e., protein-polymer) disulfide bonds. Furthermore, the primary amino acid sequence of the protein may be rendered susceptible to chemical modification in association with a polymeric material. The presence or absence of carbohydrates on the protein may enhance or prevent interaction with polymeric materials and affect the protein's hydrodynamic volume. The relative hydrophobicity of a protein could interact with hydrophobic sites on a polymer. Finally the heterogeneity of protein pharmaceuticals often exists for proteins produced by recombinant methods (Bilati et al., Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 59:375-88, 2005; Gombotz and Pettit, Bioconjug Chem, 6:332-51, 1995; Saltzman and Olbricht, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 1:177-86, 2002).

Bulk Erosion Polymers

Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid)

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has been used successfully for several decades in biodegradable structures and more recently as drug delivery micro-carriers, and as a result of the extended use, much is known about their biocompatibility and physicochemical characteristics. PLGA copolymers are well suited for use in delivery systems since they can be fabricated into a variety of morphologies including films, rods, spheres by solvent casting, compression molding and solvent evaporation techniques. Examples of peptide drug delivery systems made from PLGA copolymers, have successfully met FDA approval and they are available as marketed products are Lupron Depot, Zoladex and Decapeptyl (Frokjaer and Otzen, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 4:298-306, 2005).

Block Copolymers of PEG and PLA

Copolymers of PEG and PLA have been synthesized for use in delivery systems. The net result is a biodegradable polymer with a reduced amount of hydrophobicity that is an inherent property of PLA systems. These copolymer systems can be composed of random blocks of the two polymers, two blocks in which case the molecules are amphiphilic, or triblocks in which hydrophilic microphases are present. Peptides that are incorporated into devices made from these copolymers are less likely to adsorb to the delivery system through hydrophobic interactions. The polymers were shown to swell very rapidly due to microphase separation, and degradation occurred over 2-3 weeks (Bilati et al., Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 59:375-88, 2005; Gombotz and Pettit, Bioconjug Chem, 6:332-51, 1995).

Poly(Cyanoacrylates)

Poly(cyanoacrylates) have received attention as delivery systems for proteins and peptides. They undergo spontaneous polymerization at room temperature in the presence of water, and their erosion has been shown to be controlled by the length of the monomer chain and the pH. Once formed, the polymer is slowly hydrolyzed, leading to a chain scission and liberation of formaldehyde. While the polymers are not toxic, the formaldehyde released as the degradation byproduct does create a toxicity concern. A characteristic example of their use are delivery systems for insulin prepared by the interfacial emulsion polymerization of alkyl cyanoacrylate (Gombotz and Pettit, Bioconjug Chem, 6:332-51, 1995).

Surface Erosion Polymers

Poly(Anhydrides)

Poly(anhydrides) represent a class of surface eroding polymers. Hydrolysis of the anhydride bond is suppressed by acid, which results in an inhibition of bulk erosion by the acidity of the carboxylic acid products of the polymer hydrolysis process. By varying the ratio of their hydrophobic components, one can control degradation rates ranging from days to years. Several proteins have been successfully incorporated into, and released, from poly-(anhydride) delivery systems. The incorporation of insulin and myoglobin has successfully been achieved in poly(anhydride) microspheres using both a hot-melt microencapsulation technique or microencapsulation by solvent removal (Gombotz and Pettit, Bioconjug Chem, 6:332-51, 1995).

Poly(Ortho Esters)

Poly(ortho esters) are another example of surface-eroding polymers that have been developed for drug delivery systems. Several proteins and peptides have been incorporated into poly(ortho-ester) delivery systems including the LHRH analog nafarelin, insulin and lysozyme.

Hydrogels

The use of biodegradable hydrogels as delivery systems for proteins is of particular interest due to their biocompatibility and their relative inertness toward protein drugs (Gombotz and Pettit, Bioconjug Chem, 6:332-51, 1995). Hydrogels are the only class of polymer that can enable a protein to permeate through the continuum of the carrier. The initial release rate of proteins from biodegradable hydrogels is therefore generally diffusion controlled through the aqueous channels of the gel and is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the protein. Once polymer degradation occurs, and if protein still remains in the hydrogel, erosion-controlled release may contribute to the system. Several disadvantages must be considered when using a biodegradable hydrogel system for the release of proteins. Their ability to rapidly swell with water can lead to very fast release rates and polymer degradation rates. In addition, hydrogels can rapidly decrease in mechanical strength upon swelling with water. Examples of hydrogels include, pluronic polyols, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylpyrrolidone), malein anhydride, callulose, hyaluronic acid derivatives, alginate, collagens, gelatin, starches and dextrans.

Selective Drug Delivery

Selective delivery of therapeutic agents includes any methodology by which the functional concentration of drug is higher at the target site than in normal tissue. A wide variety of methods may fall under the category of “selective delivery,” including interventions as simple and mechanical as selective vascular administration in which the drug is physically isolated in a neovascularized area. An example of that type of mechanical selectivity is also the EPR effect.

Most strategies, however, are pharmaceutical. In these approaches, the differences in the biochemical and physiological nature of normal and the targeted cells and their microenvironment are exploited for selective delivery. In one embodiment, a carrier is used to deliver a peptide of the invention that because of its physical properties, accumulates preferentially at a target site. In another embodiment, a ligand is conjugated to a peptide of the invention that binds to a tissue-associated antigen. In another embodiment, an agent of the invention is maintained in an inactive form that can be activated preferentially at the tissue site. In yet another embodiment, external energy irradiation is used to release a peptide at the delivery site.

A variety of technologies using combinations of different approaches are constantly being developed for selective delivery of therapeutics. These delivery systems employ different targets such as cancer cell and neovascular antigens, hypoxia, or high osmotic pressure; targeting agents such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), single chain variable fragments (scFvs), peptides and oligonucleotides; effectors like chemical or biological toxins, radioisotopes, genes, enzymes, immunomodulators, oligonucleotides, imaging and diagnostic agents; vehicles the already mentioned colloidal systems, including liposomes, emulsions, micelles, nanoparticles, polymer conjugates or implants; and drug-releasing switches such as systems that utilize thermal, radiation, ultrasound or magnetic fields (Allen and Cullis, Science, 303:1818-22, 2004; Gombotz and Pettit, Bioconjug Chem, 6:332-51, 1995; Moses et al., Cancer Cell, 4:337-41, 2003; Neri and Bicknell, Nat Rev Cancer, 5:436-46, 2005; Saltzman and Olbricht, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 1:177-86, 2002).

Tumor Marker Targeting

The advent of aptamer and antibody technology has facilitated the use of cancer-specific monoclonal antibodies and aptamers to deliver peptides of the invention to a selected target tissue. Of special interest are antibodies and aptamers that target, in vivo, tumor endothelium. Those targets include, but are not limited to, the fibronectin extra-domain B, large tenascin-C isoforms, various integrins, VEGF receptors, prostate specific membrane antigen, endoglin and CD44 isoforms (Shukla and Krag, Expert Opin Biol Ther, 6:39-54, 2006). Alternatively, the tumor itself may be targeted, exemplary tumor markers include CA-125, gangliosides G(D2), G(M2) and G(D3), CD20, CD52, CD33, Ep-CAM, CEA, bombesin-like peptides, PSA, HER2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, erbB2, erbB3, erbB4, CD44v6, Ki-67, cancer-associated mucin, VEGF, VEGFRs (e.g., VEGFR3), estrogen receptors, Lewis-Y antigen, TGFβ1, IGF-1 receptor, EGFα, c-Kit receptor, transferrin receptor, IL-2R and CO17-1A. Aptamers and antibodies of the invention can recognize tumors derived from a wide variety of tissue types, including, but not limited to, breast, prostate, colon, lung, pharynx, thyroid, lymphoid, lymphatic, larynx, esophagus, oral mucosa, bladder, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, ovary, uterus, cervix, testes, dermis, bone, blood and brain. In the context of the present invention, a tumor cell is a neoplastic (e.g., cancer) cell or a mass of cancer cells, which can also encompass cells that support the growth and/or propagation of a cancer cell, such as vasculature and/or stroma, but not necessarily macrophages. For instance, therefore, the present invention envisages compositions and methods for reducing growth of a tumor cell in a subject, wherein antibodies or aptamers bind with specificity to cell surface epitopes (or epitopes of receptor-binding molecules) of a cancer cell or a cell that is involved in the growth and/or propagation of a cancer cell such as a cell comprising the vasculature of a tumor or blood vessels that supply tumors and/or stromal cells. Methods of this invention are particularly suitable for administration to humans with neoplastic diseases.

Antibodies

Antibodies are well known to those of ordinary skill in the science of immunology. Particularly useful in the methods of the invention are antibodies that specifically bind a polypeptide that is expressed in a tumor or endothelial cell. As used herein, the term “antibody” means not only intact antibody molecules, but also fragments of antibody molecules that retain immunogen binding ability. Such fragments are also well known in the art and are regularly employed both in vitro and in vivo. Accordingly, as used herein, the term “antibody” means not only intact immunoglobulin molecules but also the well-known active fragments F(ab′)₂, and Fab. F(ab′)₂, and Fab fragments which lack the Fc fragment of intact antibody, clear more rapidly from the circulation, and may have less non-specific tissue binding of an intact antibody (Wahl et al., J. Nucl. Med. 24:316-325, 1983). The antibodies of the invention comprise whole native antibodies, bispecific antibodies; chimeric antibodies; Fab, Fab′, single chain V region fragments (scFv) and fusion polypeptides.

In one embodiment, an antibody that binds polypeptide is monoclonal. Alternatively, the antibody is a polyclonal antibody. The preparation and use of polyclonal antibodies are also known to the skilled artisan. The invention also encompasses hybrid antibodies, in which one pair of heavy and light chains is obtained from a first antibody, while the other pair of heavy and light chains is obtained from a different second antibody. Such hybrids may also be formed using humanized heavy and light chains. Such antibodies are often referred to as “chimeric” antibodies.

In general, intact antibodies are said to contain “Fc” and “Fab” regions. The Fc regions are involved in complement activation and are not involved in antigen binding. An antibody from which the Fc′ region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the Fc′ region, designated an “F(ab′)₂” fragment, retains both of the antigen binding sites of the intact antibody. Similarly, an antibody from which the Fc region has been enzymatically cleaved, or which has been produced without the Fc region, designated an “Fab” fragment, retains one of the antigen binding sites of the intact antibody. Fab′ fragments consist of a covalently bound antibody light chain and a portion of the antibody heavy chain, denoted “Fd.” The Fd fragments are the major determinants of antibody specificity (a single Fd fragment may be associated with up to ten different light chains without altering antibody specificity). Isolated Fd fragments retain the ability to specifically bind to immunogenic epitopes.

Antibodies can be made by any of the methods known in the art utilizing a peptide of the invention (e.g., a peptide shown in Tables 1-10), or immunogenic fragments thereof, as an immunogen. One method of obtaining antibodies is to immunize suitable host animals with an immunogen and to follow standard procedures for polyclonal or monoclonal antibody production. The immunogen will facilitate presentation of the immunogen on the cell surface. Immunization of a suitable host can be carried out in a number of ways. Nucleic acid sequences encoding a polypeptide described herein, or immunogenic fragments thereof, can be provided to the host in a delivery vehicle that is taken up by immune cells of the host. The cells will in turn express the receptor on the cell surface generating an immunogenic response in the host. Alternatively, nucleic acid sequences encoding a peptide of the invention (e.g., a peptide shown in Tables 1-10), or immunogenic fragments thereof, can be expressed in cells in vitro, followed by isolation of the polypeptide and administration of the receptor to a suitable host in which antibodies are raised.

Using either approach, antibodies can then be purified from the host. Antibody purification methods may include salt precipitation (for example, with ammonium sulfate), ion exchange chromatography (for example, on a cationic or anionic exchange column preferably run at neutral pH and eluted with step gradients of increasing ionic strength), gel filtration chromatography (including gel filtration HPLC), and chromatography on affinity resins such as protein A, protein G, hydroxyapatite, and anti-immunoglobulin.

Antibodies can be conveniently produced from hybridoma cells engineered to express the antibody. Methods of making hybridomas are well known in the art. The hybridoma cells can be cultured in a suitable medium, and spent medium can be used as an antibody source. Polynucleotides encoding the antibody of interest can in turn be obtained from the hybridoma that produces the antibody, and then the antibody may be produced synthetically or recombinantly from these DNA sequences. For the production of large amounts of antibody, it is generally more convenient to obtain an ascites fluid. The method of raising ascites generally comprises injecting hybridoma cells into an immunologically naive histocompatible or immunotolerant mammal, especially a mouse. The mammal may be primed for ascites production by prior administration of a suitable composition; e.g., Pristane.

Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) produced by methods of the invention can be “humanized” by methods known in the art. “Humanized” antibodies are antibodies in which at least part of the sequence has been altered from its initial form to render it more like human immunoglobulins. Techniques to humanize antibodies are particularly useful when non-human animal (e.g., murine) antibodies are generated. Examples of methods for humanizing a murine antibody are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,567, 5,530,101, 5,225,539, 5,585,089, 5,693,762 and 5,859,205.

Aptamers

Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) ligands that function by folding into a specific globular structure that dictates binding to target proteins or other molecules with high affinity and specificity, as described by Osborne et al., Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1:5-9, 1997; and Cerchia et al., FEBS Letters 528:12-16, 2002. By “aptamer” is meant a single-stranded polynucleotide that binds to a protein. Desirably, the aptamers are small, approximately ˜15 KD. The aptamers are isolated from libraries consisting of some 10¹⁴-10¹⁵ random oligonucleotide sequences by a procedure termed SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment). See Tuerk et al., Science, 249:505-510, 1990; Green et al., Methods Enzymology. 75-86, 1991; Gold et al., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 64: 763-797, 1995; Uphoff et al., Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 6: 281-288, 1996. Methods of generating aptamers are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,344,318, 6,331,398, 6,110,900, 5,817,785, 5,756,291, 5,696,249, 5,670,637, 5,637,461, 5,595,877, 5,527,894, 5,496,938, 5,475,096, 5,270,163, and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20040241731, 20030198989, 20030157487, and 20020172962.

An aptamer of the invention is capable of binding with specificity to a polypeptide expressed by a cell of interest (e.g., a tumor cell or an endothelial cell supplying a tumor). “Binding with specificity” means that non-tumor polypeptides are either not specifically bound by the aptamer or are only poorly bound by the aptamer. In general, aptamers typically have binding constants in the picomolar range. Particularly useful in the methods of the invention are aptamers having apparent dissociation constants of 1, 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, or 100 nM.

In one embodiment, an antigen expressed on a blood vessel supplying a tumor is the molecular target of the aptamer. Because aptamers can act as direct antagonists of the biological function of proteins, aptamers that target such polypeptide can be used to modulate angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, blood vessel stabilization or remodeling. The therapeutic benefit of such aptamers derives primarily from the biological antagonism caused by aptamer binding.

The invention encompasses stabilized aptamers having modifications that protect against 3′ and 5′ exonucleases as well as endonucleases. Such modifications desirably maintain target affinity while increasing aptamer stability in vivo. In various embodiments, aptamers of the invention include chemical substitutions at the ribose and/or phosphate and/or base positions of a given nucleobase sequence. For example, aptamers of the invention include chemical modifications at the 2′ position of the ribose moiety, circularization of the aptamer, 3′ capping and ‘spiegelmer’ technology. Aptamers having A and G nucleotides sequentially replaced with their 2′-OCH3 modified counterparts are particularly useful in the methods of the invention. Such modifications are typically well tolerated in terms of retaining aptamer affinity and specificity. In various embodiments, aptamers include at least 10%, 25%, 50%, or 75% modified nucleotides. In other embodiments, as many as 80-90% of the aptamer's nucleotides contain stabilizing substitutions. In other embodiments, 2′-OMe aptamers are synthesized. Such aptamers are desirable because they are inexpensive to synthesize and natural polymerases do not accept 2′-OMe nucleotide triphosphates as substrates so that 2′-OMe nucleotides cannot be recycled into host DNA. A fully 2′-O-methyl aptamer, named ARC245, was reported to be so stable that degradation could not be detected after 96 hours in plasma at 37° C. or after autoclaving at 125° C. Using methods described herein, aptamers will be selected for reduced size and increased stability. In one embodiment, aptamers having 2′-F and 2′-OCH₃ modifications are used to generate nuclease resistant aptamers. Other modifications that stabilize aptamers are known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,580,737; and in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 20050037394, 20040253679, 20040197804, and 20040180360.

Using standard methods tumor markers or endothelial call-specific aptamers can be selected that bind virtually any tumor marker or endothelial cell-expressed polypeptide known in the art.

The Fibronectin Extra-Domain B (EDB)

Fibronectin is a large glycoprotein that is present in large amounts in the plasma and tissues. EDB is a 91-amino-acid type III homology domain that becomes inserted into the fibronectin molecule under tissue-remodeling conditions by a mechanism of alternative splicing at the level of the primary transcript. EDB is essentially undetectable in healthy adult individuals. EDB-containing fibronectin is abundant in many aggressive solid tumors and in neo-vascularized endothelium, and displays either predominantly vascular or diffuse stromal patterns of expression, depending on the tissue.

Large Tenascin-C Isoforms

Tenascins are a family of four extracellular matrix glycoproteins that are found in vertebrates. They are typically present in many different connective tissues. Tenascins contribute to matrix structure and influence the behavior of cells that are in contact with the extracellular matrix. Several isoforms of tenascin-C can be generated as a result of different patterns of alternative splicing in the region between domains A1 and D. It has been known for some time that spliced isoforms containing extra domains are tumor-associated antigens, which show a more restricted pattern of expression in normal tissues compared with the “small” tenascin isoforms. The C domain of tenascin-C is the extra domain that shows the most restricted pattern of expression. In normal adult tissue it is undetectable by immunohistochemistry and northern-blot analysis, but it is strongly expressed in aggressive brain tumors and some lung tumors, with a prominent perivascular pattern of staining.

Integrins

During vascular remodeling and angiogenesis, endothelial cells show increased expression of several cell-surface molecules that potentiate cell invasion and proliferation. One such molecule is the integrin αv-β3, which has a key role in endothelial cell survival during angiogenesis in vivo and which might serve as a target for therapeutic molecules, particularly those that require internalization in endothelial cells. Monoclonal antibodies to the αv-β3 have been shown to display anti-angiogenic activities and to preferentially stain tumor blood vessels.

VEGFs and their Receptors

VEGFs represent a class of proteins that promote angiogenesis, increase vascular permeability and contribute to endothelial-cell survival in blood and lymphatic vessels. The contribution of VEGFA to cancer progression has been highlighted by the recent approval of the humanized anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech) for first-line cancer treatment. The overexpression of VEGFs and VEGF receptors in tumors is well documented. The selective tumor localization of monoclonal antibodies to VEGFA, VEGF receptor 2 and the VEGFA-VEGF receptor 2 complex can be used as an excellent selectivity mechanism for targeting the angiogenic vasculature.

Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a membrane glycoprotein with proteolytic activity. PSMA is predominantly expressed in the prostate and serum concentrations are often increased in patients with prostate cancer. Several studies have reported overexpression of PSMA in the neo-vasculature of different solid tumors, whereas expression in normal vasculature is limited to some vessels of the breast, duodenum, kidney and prostate.

Endoglin

Endoglin (CD105) is a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF) co-receptor that is overexpressed in tumor neo-vasculature and is used as a marker for the tumor endothelium.

CD44 Isoforms

CD44 is a cell-surface receptor of great molecular heterogeneity, which is due to both alternative splicing and extensive post-translational modification. The radio-labeled monoclonal antibody TES-23, which is specific to an isoform of CD44, has shown impressive performance in tumor-targeting experiments in animal models. TES-23 recognizes a widely distributed form of CD44 that lacks variant exons, known as CD44H.

Tumor Endothelial Markers (TEMs)

TEMs is a family of genes encoding proteins that serve as tumor endothelial markers (Carson-Walter, Watkins, et al, Cancer Res. 61:6649-55, 2001). These genes display elevated expression during tumor angiogenesis. From both biological and clinical points of view, TEMs associated with the cell surface membrane are of particular interest. Accordingly, four such genes are characterized, TEM1, TEM5, TEM7, and TEM8, all of which contain putative transmembrane domains. TEM5 appears to be a seven-pass transmembrane receptor, whereas TEM1, TEM7, and TEM8 span the membrane once. Three of these TEMs (TEM1, TEM5, and TEM8) are abundantly expressed in tumor vessels in mouse tumors, embryos, and adult tissues as well as in the vasculature of the developing mouse embryo. The expression of these TEMs in normal adult mice tissues is undetectable.

Selective Delivery Through Pro-Drug Activation

Selective delivery of agents of the invention can be achieved by administering a pro-drug form that is converted into an active drug at the target site. Most pro-drugs are designed to have a “trigger,” “linker” and “effector.” The “trigger,” following the tissue-specific metabolism, modifies the “linker,” resulting in an activation of the “effector.” There are several mechanisms potentially exploitable for selective activation. Some utilize unique aspects of the tissue physiology, such as selective enzyme expression or hypoxia in the case of tumors, whereas others are based on tissue antigen-specific delivery techniques.

Targeting Secreted Enzymes from Cells

The approach uses pro-drugs that are “hidden” from the cells until cleaved by an enzyme produced and secreted preferentially by the cells. A typical example of an enzyme used for pro-drug activation is MMP-9.

Targeting Tumor Hypoxia

Advances in the chemistry of bio-reductive drug activation have led to the design of hypoxia-selective drug delivery systems. These pro-drugs initially undergo one-electron reduction by reductases to give the radical anion, which in normal cells are re-oxidized to the parent compound, but in hypoxic tumor cells they are further reduced to more hydrophilic species and trapped inside. These drugs can be selectively delivered to tumors with defined hypoxic fractions rich in the required activating enzymes.

Antibody-Directed Enzyme Pro-Drug Therapy

Antibody-directed pro-drug therapy (ADEPT) is a 2-step approach in which first the antibody-enzyme construct is administered intravenously. This is composed of an antibody against a tissue-specific target linked to an enzyme that activates a pro-drug. In the second step, after the unbound antibody-enzyme conjugate construct is cleared from the circulation, a pro-drug is administered intravenously. The pro-drug is an agent that has been rendered less active by chemical addition of enzyme-cleavable moieties. The pro-drug is converted to an active form by the tumor-bound antibody-enzyme, which results in local accumulation of the fully active form of the agent.

External Energy-Controlled Delivery

Some selective delivery strategies involve focusing external energy for concentrating or delivering therapeutics at the tissue site. A variety of delivery systems in this category are in the experimental stage, although some have been used in clinical trials as well. Those strategies include selective delivery through photodynamic therapy, magnetically targeted delivery, selective delivery through X-ray exposure, radiation-induced selective delivery and ultrasound-guided delivery.

Methods of Ocular Delivery

The compositions of the invention (e.g., a peptide of the invention shown in Tables 1-10) are also particularly suitable for treating ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, persistent hyperplastic vitreous syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity that are characterized by excess angiogenesis.

In one approach, the compositions of the invention are administered through an ocular device suitable for direct implantation into the vitreous of the eye. The compositions of the invention may be provided in sustained release compositions, such as those described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,672,659 and 5,595,760. Such devices are found to provide sustained controlled release of various compositions to treat the eye without risk of detrimental local and systemic side effects. An object of the present ocular method of delivery is to maximize the amount of drug contained in an intraocular device or implant while minimizing its size in order to prolong the duration of the implant. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,475; 6,375,972, and 6,756,058 and U.S. Publications 20050096290 and 200501269448. Such implants may be biodegradable and/or biocompatible implants, or may be non-biodegradable implants. Biodegradable ocular implants are described, for example, in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050048099. The implants may be permeable or impermeable to the active agent, and may be inserted into a chamber of the eye, such as the anterior or posterior chambers or may be implanted in the schlera, transchoroidal space, or an avascularized region exterior to the vitreous. Alternatively, a contact lens that acts as a depot for compositions of the invention may also be used for drug delivery.

In a preferred embodiment, the implant may be positioned over an avascular region, such as on the sclera, so as to allow for transcleral diffusion of the drug to the desired site of treatment, e.g. the intraocular space and macula of the eye. Furthermore, the site of transcleral diffusion is preferably in proximity to the macula. Examples of implants for delivery of a composition include, but are not limited to, the devices described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,416,530; 3,828,777; 4,014,335; 4,300,557; 4,327,725; 4,853,224; 4,946,450; 4,997,652; 5,147,647; 5,164,188; 5,178,635; 5,300,114; 5,322,691; 5,403,901; 5,443,505; 5,466,466; 5,476,511; 5,516,522; 5,632,984; 5,679,666; 5,710,165; 5,725,493; 5,743,274; 5,766,242; 5,766,619; 5,770,592; 5,773,019; 5,824,072; 5,824,073; 5,830,173; 5,836,935; 5,869,079, 5,902,598; 5,904,144; 5,916,584; 6,001,386; 6,074,661; 6,110,485; 6,126,687; 6,146,366; 6,251,090; and 6,299,895, and in WO 01/30323 and WO 01/28474, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Examples include, but are not limited to the following: a sustained release drug delivery system comprising an inner reservoir comprising an effective amount of an agent effective in obtaining a desired local or systemic physiological or pharmacological effect, an inner tube impermeable to the passage of the agent, the inner tube having first and second ends and covering at least a portion of the inner reservoir, the inner tube sized and formed of a material so that the inner tube is capable of supporting its own weight, an impermeable member positioned at the inner tube first end, the impermeable member preventing passage of the agent out of the reservoir through the inner tube first end, and a permeable member positioned at the inner tube second end, the permeable member allowing diffusion of the agent out of the reservoir through the inner tube second end; a method for administering a compound of the invention to a segment of an eye, the method comprising the step of implanting a sustained release device to deliver the compound of the invention to the vitreous of the eye or an implantable, sustained release device for administering a compound of the invention to a segment of an eye; a sustained release drug delivery device comprising: a) a drug core comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one first agent effective in obtaining a diagnostic effect or effective in obtaining a desired local or systemic physiological or pharmacological effect; b) at least one unitary cup essentially impermeable to the passage of the agent that surrounds and defines an internal compartment to accept the drug core, the unitary cup comprising an open top end with at least one recessed groove around at least some portion of the open top end of the unitary cup; c) a permeable plug which is permeable to the passage of the agent, the permeable plug is positioned at the open top end of the unitary cup wherein the groove interacts with the permeable plug holding it in position and closing the open top end, the permeable plug allowing passage of the agent out of the drug core, through the permeable plug, and out the open top end of the unitary cup; and d) at least one second agent effective in obtaining a diagnostic effect or effective in obtaining a desired local or systemic physiological or pharmacological effect; or a sustained release drug delivery device comprising: an inner core comprising an effective amount of an agent having a desired solubility and a polymer coating layer, the polymer layer being permeable to the agent, wherein the polymer coating layer completely covers the inner core.

Other approaches for ocular delivery include the use of liposomes to target a compound of the present invention to the eye, and preferably to retinal pigment epithelial cells and/or Bruch's membrane. For example, the compound may be complexed with liposomes in the manner described above, and this compound/liposome complex injected into patients with an ocular disease, using intravenous injection to direct the compound to the desired ocular tissue or cell. Directly injecting the liposome complex into the proximity of the retinal pigment epithelial cells or Bruch's membrane can also provide for targeting of the complex with some forms of ocular disease. In a specific embodiment, the compound is administered via intra-ocular sustained delivery (such as VITRASERT or ENVISION). In a specific embodiment, the compound is delivered by posterior subtenons injection. In another specific embodiment, microemulsion particles containing the compositions of the invention are delivered to ocular tissue to take up lipid from Bruch's membrane, retinal pigment epithelial cells, or both.

For optical applications, nanoparticles are a colloidal carrier system that has been shown to improve the efficacy of the encapsulated drug by prolonging the serum half-life. Polyalkylcyanoacrylates (PACAs) nanoparticles are a polymer colloidal drug delivery system that is in clinical development, as described by Stella et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 2000. 89: p. 1452-1464; Brigger et al., Int. J. Pharm., 2001. 214: p. 37-42; Calvo et al., Pharm. Res., 2001. 18: p. 1157-1166; and Li et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2001. 24: p. 662-665. Biodegradable poly(hydroxyl acids), such as the copolymers of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA) are being extensively used in biomedical applications and have received FDA approval for certain clinical applications. In addition, PEG-PLGA nanoparticles have many desirable carrier features including (i) that the agent to be encapsulated comprises a reasonably high weight fraction (loading) of the total carrier system; (ii) that the amount of agent used in the first step of the encapsulation process is incorporated into the final carrier (entrapment efficiency) at a reasonably high level; (iii) that the carrier have the ability to be freeze-dried and reconstituted in solution without aggregation; (iv) that the carrier be biodegradable; (v) that the carrier system be of small size; and (vi) that the carrier enhance the particles persistence.

Nanoparticles are synthesized using virtually any biodegradable shell known in the art. In one embodiment, a polymer, such as poly(lactic-acid) (PLA) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is used. Such polymers are biocompatible and biodegradable, and are subject to modifications that desirably increase the photochemical efficacy and circulation lifetime of the nanoparticle. In one embodiment, the polymer is modified with a terminal carboxylic acid group (COOH) that increases the negative charge of the particle and thus limits the interaction with negatively charge nucleic acid aptamers. Nanoparticles are also modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), which also increases the half-life and stability of the particles in circulation. Alternatively, the COOH group is converted to an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester for covalent conjugation to amine-modified aptamers.

Biocompatible polymers useful in the composition and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, polyamides, polycarbonates, polyalkylenes, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene oxides, polyalkylene terepthalates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl ethers, polyvinyl esters, polyvinyl halides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyglycolides, polysiloxanes, polyurethanes and copolymers thereof, alkyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, nitro celluloses, polymers of acrylic and methacrylic esters, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxy-propyl methyl cellulose, hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate phthalate, carboxylethyl cellulose, cellulose triacetate, cellulose sulphate sodium salt, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylmethacrylate), poly(butylmethacrylate), poly(isobutylmethacrylate), poly(hexlmethacrylate), poly(isodecylmethacrylate), poly(lauryl methacrylate), poly(phenyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(isopropyl acrylate), poly(isobutyl acrylate), poly(octadecyl acrylate), polyethylene, polypropylene poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(ethylene terephthalate), poly(vinyl alcohols), poly(vinyl acetate, poly vinyl chloride polystyrene, polyvinylpryrrolidone, polyhyaluronic acids, casein, gelatin, glutin, polyanhydrides, polyacrylic acid, alginate, chitosan, poly(methyl methacrylates), poly(ethyl methacrylates), poly(butylmethacrylate), poly(isobutylmethacrylate), poly(hexlmethacrylate), poly(isodecyl methacrylate), poly(lauryl methacrylate), poly(phenyl methacrylate), poly(methyl acrylate), poly(isopropyl acrylate), poly(isobutyl acrylate), poly(octadecyl acrylate) and combinations of any of these. In one embodiment, the nanoparticles of the invention include PEG-PLGA polymers.

Compositions of the invention may also be delivered topically. For topical delivery, the compositions are provided in any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient that is approved for ocular delivery. Preferably, the composition is delivered in drop form to the surface of the eye. For some application, the delivery of the composition relies on the diffusion of the compounds through the cornea to the interior of the eye.

Those of skill in the art will recognize that the best treatment regimens for using compounds of the present invention to treat an ocular disease can be straightforwardly determined. This is not a question of experimentation, but rather one of optimization, which is routinely conducted in the medical arts. In vivo studies in nude mice often provide a starting point from which to begin to optimize the dosage and delivery regimes. The frequency of injection will initially be once a week, as has been done in some mice studies. However, this frequency might be optimally adjusted from one day to every two weeks to monthly, depending upon the results obtained from the initial clinical trials and the needs of a particular patient.

Human dosage amounts can initially be determined by extrapolating from the amount of compound used in mice, as a skilled artisan recognizes it is routine in the art to modify the dosage for humans compared to animal models. In certain embodiments it is envisioned that the dosage may vary from between about 1 mg compound/Kg body weight to about 5000 mg compound/Kg body weight; or from about 5 mg/Kg body weight to about 4000 mg/Kg body weight or from about 10 mg/Kg body weight to about 3000 mg/Kg body weight; or from about 50 mg/Kg body weight to about 2000 mg/Kg body weight; or from about 100 mg/Kg body weight to about 1000 mg/Kg body weight; or from about 150 mg/Kg body weight to about 500 mg/Kg body weight. In other embodiments this dose may be about 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 mg/Kg body weight. In other embodiments, it is envisaged that higher doses may be used, such doses may be in the range of about 5 mg compound/Kg body to about 20 mg compound/Kg body. In other embodiments the doses may be about 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 or 18 mg/Kg body weight. Of course, this dosage amount may be adjusted upward or downward, as is routinely done in such treatment protocols, depending on the results of the initial clinical trials and the needs of a particular patient.

Combination Therapies

Optionally, an angiogenic modulating therapeutic as described herein may be administered in combination with any other standard active angiogenic modulating therapeutics; such methods are known to the skilled artisan and described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences by E. W. Martin. For example, an anti-angiogenic peptide of the invention may be administered in combination with any other anti-angiogenic peptide, or with known anti-angiogenic agent. Such agents are listed below (Folkman, Annu Rev Med. 57:1-18, 2006).

Agent Clinical Trials 1. Alphastatin 2. Angiostatin 3. Arresten 4. Anti-thrombin III (truncated) 5. Canstatin 6. Endostatin Phase II 7. Fibulin-5 8. Fragment of histidine-rich glycoprotein 9. Interferon-β Phase III 10. Maspin 11. 2-methoxyestradiol Phase II 12. PEX 13. Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) 14. Platelet factor 4 (PF4) 15. Semaphorin 3F 16. sFlt-1 17. Tetrahydrocortisol Phase III 18. Thrombospondin-1 (and -2) Phase II 19. TIMP-2 20. Troponin I 21. Tumstatin 22. Vasostatin

For the treatment of a neoplasia, a peptide of the invention is administered in combination with any conventional treatment (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, surgery, cryosurgery). A pharmaceutical composition of the invention may, if desired, include one or more chemotherapeutics typically used in the treatment of a neoplasm, such as abiraterone acetate, altretamine, anhydrovinblastine, auristatin, bexarotene, bicalutamide, BMS184476, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)benzene sulfonamide, bleomycin, N,N-dimethyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-proly-1-Lproline-t-butylamide, cachectin, cemadotin, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-8′-norvin-caleukoblastine, docetaxol, doxetaxel, cyclophosphamide, carboplatin, carmustine (BCNU), cisplatin, cryptophycin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine (DTIC), dactinomycin, daunorubicin, dolastatin, doxorubicin (adriamycin), etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, finasteride, flutamide, hydroxyurea and hydroxyureataxanes, ifosfamide, liarozole, lonidamine, lomustine (CCNU), mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard), melphalan, mivobulin isethionate, rhizoxin, sertenef, streptozocin, mitomycin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, nilutamide, onapristone, paclitaxel, prednimustine, procarbazine, RPR109881, stramustine phosphate, tamoxifen, tasonermin, taxol, thalidomide, tretinoin, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine sulfate, and vinflunine. Other examples of chemotherapeutic agents can be found in Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology by V. T. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6th edition (Feb. 15, 2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers.

Kits

The invention provides kits for the treatment or prevention of diseases or disorders characterized by excess or undesirable angiogenesis. In one embodiment, the kit includes a therapeutic or prophylactic composition containing an effective amount of one or more peptides described herein in unit dosage form. In some embodiments, the kit comprises a sterile container that contains a therapeutic or prophylactic vaccine; such containers can be boxes, ampules, bottles, vials, tubes, bags, pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable container forms known in the art. Such containers can be made of plastic, glass, laminated paper, metal foil, or other materials suitable for holding medicaments.

If desired a peptide of the invention is provided together with instructions for administering it to a subject having or at risk of developing excess or undesired angiogenesis. The instructions will generally include information about the use of the composition for the treatment or prevention of ischemia or for enhancing angiogenesis to a tissue in need thereof. In other embodiments, the instructions include at least one of the following: description of the expression vector; dosage schedule and administration for treatment or prevention of ischemia or symptoms thereof; precautions; warnings; indications; counter-indications; overdosage information; adverse reactions; animal pharmacology; clinical studies; and/or references. The instructions may be printed directly on the container (when present), or as a label applied to the container, or as a separate sheet, pamphlet, card, or folder supplied in or with the container.

METHODS OF THE INVENTION

The practice of the present invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry and immunology, which are well within the purview of the skilled artisan. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature, such as, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, second edition (Sambrook, 1989); “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” (Gait, 1984); “Animal Cell Culture” (Freshney, 1987); “Handbook of Experimental Immunology” (Weir, 1996); “Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells” (Miller and Calos, 1987); “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (Ausubel, 1987); “PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction”, (Mullis, 1994); “Current Protocols in Immunology” (Coligan, 1991). These techniques are applicable to the production of the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention, and, as such, may be considered in making and practicing the invention. Particularly useful techniques for particular embodiments will be discussed in the sections that follow.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Analysis of Peptide Motifs

Using bioinformatic analysis 156 peptides with anti-angiogenic properties were identified based on their sequence similarity with known anti-angiogenic peptides. A number of these peptides were screened for anti-angiogenic activity using an endothelial cell proliferation assay to identify peptide motifs associated with anti-angiogenic activity. Multiple sequence alignments were used to identify peptides having conserved motifs that are common in a variety of sequences. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using the ClustalW algorithm to align sequences of peptides that belong to different protein families including type I thrombospondin repeat-containing proteins, C-X-C chemokines, collagen type IV, somatotropins and serpins. In order to perform the alignment a critical number of peptide sequences were required. The motifs were represented using the single letter abbreviations of the amino acids that are common and the letter “X” to denote a non-common amino acid that intervenes the common letters. If there is more than one non-common amino acid in between, the letter “X” followed by the number of the non-common amino acids was used. For example if there are three non-common amino acids between two conserved letters, we notify it as “a-X3-b”, where a and b is the conserved motif. This notation is commonly used to represent motifs.

Initially multiple sequence alignments to the experimentally tested peptides were performed. The calculation was generalized to all the theoretically predicted fragments. To determine whether the motifs calculated for the experimentally tested fragments were conserved and reproduced in all of the anti-angiogenic predictions. The results obtained were organized by protein family. As described in more detail below, general peptide motifs associated with anti-angiogenic activity were identified for three families of human proteins: Type I thrombospondin (TSP) domain containing proteins, CXC chemokines, and collagens. Using these motifs, 2286 peptides each containing one of the identified motifs were identified in 1977 different proteins present in the human proteome (166 peptides from 54 different proteins listed in Table 2; 1337 peptides from 1170 proteins listed in Table 4; 24 peptides from 24 proteins listed in Table 5; 306 peptides from 288 proteins listed in Table 6; 139 peptides from 139 proteins listed in Table 8; and 314 peptides from 302 different proteins listed in Table 9.

In addition, 12 novel peptide sequences from the Somatotropin, Serpin, and Type IV Collagen families obtained based on the similarity criteria with known anti-angiogenic peptides are listed in Tables 7A, 7B, and 10, respectively.

Example 2 Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) Repeat-Containing Proteins Derived Peptides

From the 31 predicted and experimentally tested TSP-1 containing short peptides 29 share a global 4 letter common motif which is the X2-W-X2-C-X3-C-X2-G-X7 (SEQ ID NO: 2353), or W-X2-C-X3-C-X2-G (SEQ ID NO: 2287) after removing the uncommon edges, resulting in the generic TSP-1 containing 20-mer (FIG. 1). The first amino acid that succeeds the first cysteine of the motif, or the seventh amino acid of the sequence can alternate between T, S and N. Thus a more generic description of this motif is X2-W-X2-C-(T/S/N)-X2-C-X2-G-X7 (SEQ ID NO: 2354) with threonine or serine the most abundant alteration for the seventh amino acid position.

By altering the threshold of the conserved amino acids that are common among the sequences of the predicted peptides we can create subsets of peptide families with individual common motifs of greater length than the global 4-letter motif. The threshold here is defined as the percentage of the peptides that share a common motif. Such a subgroup of peptides is one that consists of 18 TSP-1 containing predictions (threshold 60%) that share a seven amino acid long common motif. The motif is the X2-W-X2-C-S-X2-C-G-X1-G-X3-R-X3 (SEQ ID NO: 2355). A common alteration occurs in the 19^(th) amino acid, which can be either an arginine or a valine with arginine the most abundant amino acid. In that case the motif is written X2-W-X2-C-S-X2-C-G-X1-G-X3-R-X1-(R/V)-X1 (SEQ ID NO: 2387). Similarly the ninth amino acid can be altered by either arginine, serine or threonine. In that case the motif can be represented as X2-W-X2-C-S-X1-(S/R/T)-C-G-X1-G-X3-R-X1-(R/V)-X1 (SEQ ID NO: 2391) with threonine the most abundant amino acid (FIG. 2A). Similarly another motif with 45% threshold, common in 13 sequences, is the 5 letter motif X1-P-W-X2-C-X3-C-X2-G-X7 (SEQ ID NO: 2407). The common alterations of this motif can be described as (S/G/Q)-P-W-X2-C-(T/S)-X2-C-(G/S)-X1-G-X3-(R/S)-X3 (FIG. 2B) (SEQ ID NO: 2417).

In addition to calculating the motifs that are present within the sequences of the predicted fragments one can analyze all the possible amino acids that are present within the 29 peptide sequences from which the motifs were calculated. This 20-mer with all the possible substitutions is presented in Table 1 along with the frequencies that each amino acid is present in the 29 sequences.

TABLE 1 The TSP-1 containing 20-mer with all the possible amino acid substitutions (SEQ ID NO: 2420) AA#1 AA#2 AA#3 AA#4 AA#5 AA#6 AA#7 AA#8 AA#9 AA#10 S(9) P(13) W(29) S(14) P(9) C(29) S(26) V(7) T(15) C(29) T(9) E(5) T(5) A(5) N(2) A(6) S(10) G(6) S(3) G(5) Q(4) T(1) R(5) R(3) Q(2) A(2) E(2) D(3) K(4) N(1) A(1) Q(1) D(1) E(3) G(2) K(1) R(1) K(1) S(2) A(1) R(1) T(2) V(1) E(1) AA#11 AA#12 AA#13 AA#14 AA#15 AA#16 AA#17 AA#18 AA#19 AA#20 G(26) G(10) G(29) V(8) Q(11) T(10) R(26) S(5) R(15) R(1) S(2) K(4) I(4) S(7) F(4) S(2) T(5) V(1) N(1) R(4) M(3) R(6) K(3) Q(1) V(5) M(4) T(3) K(2) Q(3) R(3) T(2) H(2) Y(2) S(3) H(3) L(2) A(1) A(1) L(2) E(2) D(1) E(1) E(1) Q(2) S(1) F(1) M(1) A(1) P(1) K(1) N(1) I(1) R(1) V(1) S(1) Q(1) W(1) Y(1)

The above motifs, for both the TSP-1 containing proteins were identified from the sequences of the peptide fragments that have already been experimentally tested in proliferation assay. The specific approach for identification of motifs within groups of sequences can be generalized for the case of all the theoretically predicted anti-angiogenic fragments. For the TSP-1 repeat-containing protein derived fragments the multiple sequence alignment calculations are repeated, but now all of the theoretically predicted fragments are included. The same approach is also utilized for the case of collagens where only the experimentally tested pool of sequences is not sufficient to yield statistically significant results. In that case after including all the theoretically predicted fragments we are able to identify common motifs.

For the cases of all the theoretically predicted TSP-1 containing proteins, multiple sequence alignment yields a common motif within 97% of all the tested sequences. This motif is the already identified W-X2-C-X3-C-X2-G (SEQ ID NO: 2287) (FIG. 3) and a generic 20-mer can be expressed as X2-W-X2-C-X3-C-X2-G-X7 (SEQ ID NO: 2353). It is interesting that this motif is not a characteristic of only the TSP-1 domains, in other words in not a signature for TSP-1. When its presence was tested for all the TSP-1 containing proteins it was identified only within a subset of this family. Moreover, it is present within the type-2 thrombospondin containing proteins (TSP-2), which have already been shown to be associated with anti-angiogenic activity. In other words we claim that the motif W-X2-C-X3-C-X2-G (SEQ ID NO: 2287), although present within a large portion of the TSP-1 containing proteins, is not a signature for a generic TSP-1 containing protein but only for those proteins with putative anti-angiogenic activity that may or may not belong to the specific protein family. Moreover, as observed within the sequences of the experimentally tested fragments and is also reproduced in the case of all the theoretically predicted fragments, the amino acid following the first cysteine of the motif can alternate between T, S and N. Thus a more specific description of the motif is the W-X2-C-(T/S/N)-X2-C-X2-G (SEQ ID NO: 2421) with serine and threonine being the predominant amino acids in the position following the first cysteine.

A common alteration occurs in the 19^(th) amino acid of the 20-mer which can be either an arginine or a valine with arginine the most abundant amino acid. In that case the motif is written X2-W-X2-C-(T/S/N)-X2-C-X2-G-X5-(R/V)-X (SEQ ID NO: 2427).

The most generic 4-common letter motif identified within the peptide sequences is W-X2-C-X3-C-X2-G (SEQ ID NO: 2287). The ScanProsite tool can be used to search the human proteome Prosite database at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Using the aforementioned motif as a query identified this motif in 166 locations of 54 different proteins listed in Table 2 (SEQ ID Nos. 1-166).

TABLE 2 TSPs Motif: W-X(2)-C-X(3)-C-X(2)-G (SEQ ID NO: 2287) Number of Locations: 166 Number of Different Proteins: 54 First Last Accession Amino Amino # Number|Protein Name acid acid Sequence 1 O00622|CYR61_HUMAN 236 246 WsqCsktCgtG 2 O14514|BAI1_HUMAN 270 280 WgeCtrdCggG 3 O14514|BAI1_HUMAN 363 373 WsvCsstCgeG 4 O14514|BAI1_HUMAN 418 428 WslCsstCgrG 5 O14514|BAI1_HUMAN 476 486 WsaCsasCsqG 6 O14514|BAI1_HUMAN 531 541 WgsCsvtCgaG 7 O15072|ATS3_HUMAN 975 985 WseCsvtCgeG 8 O60241|BAI2_HUMAN 306 316 WsvCsltCgqG 9 O60241|BAI2_HUMAN 361 371 WslCsrsCgrG 10 O60241|BAI2_HUMAN 416 426 WgpCstsCanG 11 O60241|BAI2_HUMAN 472 482 WslCsktCdtG 12 O60242|BAI3_HUMAN 300 310 WstCsvtCgqG 13 O60242|BAI3_HUMAN 354 364 WslCsftCgrG 14 O60242|BAI3_HUMAN 409 419 WsqCsvtCsnG 15 O60242|BAI3_HUMAN 464 474 WsgCsksCdgG 16 O75173|ATS4_HUMAN 529 539 WgdCsrtCggG 17 O76076|WISP2_HUMAN 201 211 WgpCsttCglG 18 O95185|UNC5C_HUMAN 269 279 WsvCnsrCgrG 19 O95388|WISP1_HUMAN 223 233 WspCstsCglG 20 O95389|WISP3_HUMAN 216 226 WtpCsrtCgmG 21 O95450|ATS2_HUMAN 863 873 WspCskpCggG 22 O95450|ATS2_HUMAN 984 994 WsqCsvtCgnG 23 P07996|TSP1_HUMAN 388 398 WtsCstsCgnG 24 P07996|TSP1_HUMAN 444 454 WssCsvtCgdG 25 P07996|TSP1_HUMAN 501 511 WdiCsvtCggG 26 P13671|CO6_HUMAN 32 42 WtsCsktCnsG 27 P13671|CO6_HUMAN 75 85 WqrCpinCllG 28 P14222|PERF_HUMAN 374 384 WrdCsrpCppG 29 P27918|PROP_HUMAN 86 96 WapCsvtCseG 30 P27918|PROP_HUMAN 145 155 WepCsvtCskG 31 P27918|PROP_HUMAN 202 212 WtpCsasChgG 32 P29279|CTGF_HUMAN 206 216 WsaCsktCgmG 33 P35442|TSP2_HUMAN 390 400 WtqCsvtCgsG 34 P35442|TSP2_HUMAN 446 456 WssCsvtCgvG 35 P35442|TSP2_HUMAN 503 513 WsaCtvtCagG 36 P48745|NOV_HUMAN 213 223 WtaCsksCgmG 37 P49327|FAS_HUMAN 627 637 WeeCkqrCppG 38 P58397|ATS12_HUMAN 551 561 WshCsrtCgaG 39 P58397|ATS12_HUMAN 832 842 WteCsvtCgtG 40 P58397|ATS12_HUMAN 952 962 WseCsvsCggG 41 P58397|ATS12_HUMAN 1321 1331 WseCsttCglG 42 P58397|ATS12_HUMAN 1372 1382 WskCsrnCsgG 43 P58397|ATS12_HUMAN 1431 1441 WsqCsrsCggG 44 P58397|ATS12_HUMAN 1479 1489 WdlCstsCggG 45 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 976 986 WsqCsrsCggG 46 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1031 1041 WseClvtCgkG 47 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1086 1096 WgpCtttCghG 48 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1162 1172 WtpCsvsCgrG 49 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1217 1227 WspCsasCghG 50 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1314 1324 WgsCsssCsgG 51 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1368 1378 WgeCsqtCggG 52 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1427 1437 WtsCsasCgkG 53 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1483 1493 WneCsvtCgsG 54 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 1664 1674 WskCsvtCgiG 55 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 84 94 WsdCsrtCggG 56 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 427 437 WtaCsvsCggG 57 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 487 497 WsqCtvtCgrG 58 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 573 583 WsaCsttCgpG 59 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 712 722 WgpCsatCgvG 60 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 768 778 WqqCsrtCggG 61 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 828 838 WskCsvsCgvG 62 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 1492 1502 WsqCsvsCgeG 63 P82987|ATL3_HUMAN 1606 1616 WkpCtaaCgrG 64 Q13591|SEM5A_HUMAN 604 614 WspCsttCgiG 65 Q13591|SEM5A_HUMAN 662 672 WerCtaqCggG 66 Q13591|SEM5A_HUMAN 793 803 WsqCsrdCsrG 67 Q13591|SEM5A_HUMAN 850 860 WtkCsatCggG 68 Q496M8|CI094_HUMAN 259 269 WsaCtrsCggG 69 Q6S8J7|POTE8_HUMAN 27 37 WccCcfpCcrG 70 Q6UXZ4|UNC5D_HUMAN 261 271 WsaCnvrCgrG 71 Q6UY14|ATL4_HUMAN 53 63 WasCsqpCgvG 72 Q6UY14|ATL4_HUMAN 732 742 WtsCsrsCgpG 73 Q6UY14|ATL4_HUMAN 792 802 WsqCsvrCgrG 74 Q6UY14|ATL4_HUMAN 919 929 WgeCsseCgsG 75 Q6UY14|ATL4_HUMAN 979 989 WspCsrsCqgG 76 Q6ZMM2|ATL5_HUMAN 44 54 WtrCsssCgrG 77 Q76LX8|ATS13_HUMAN 1081 1091 WmeCsvsCgdG 78 Q86TH1|ATL2_HUMAN 56 66 WtaCsrsCggG 79 Q86TH1|ATL2_HUMAN 631 641 WseCsrtCgeG 80 Q86TH1|ATL2_HUMAN 746 756 WgpCsgsCgqG 81 Q86TH1|ATL2_HUMAN 803 813 WerCnttCgrG 82 Q86TH1|ATL2_HUMAN 862 872 WseCtktCgvG 83 Q8IUL8|CILP2_HUMAN 155 165 WgpCsgsCgpG 84 Q8IZJ1|UNC5B_HUMAN 255 265 WspCsnrCgrG 85 Q8N6G6|ATL1_HUMAN 42 52 WseCsrtCggG 86 Q8N6G6|ATL1_HUMAN 385 395 WtaCsssCggG 87 Q8N6G6|ATL1_HUMAN 445 455 WspCtvtCgqG 88 Q8TE56|ATS17_HUMAN 552 562 WsmCsrtCgtG 89 Q8TE56|ATS17_HUMAN 809 819 WegCsvqCggG 90 Q8TE56|ATS17_HUMAN 870 880 WspCsatCekG 91 Q8TE56|ATS17_HUMAN 930 940 WsqCsasCgkG 92 Q8TE56|ATS17_HUMAN 981 991 WstCsstCgkG 93 Q8TE57|ATS16_HUMAN 595 605 WspCsrtCggG 94 Q8TE57|ATS16_HUMAN 936 946 WsaCsrtCggG 95 Q8TE57|ATS16_HUMAN 995 1005 WaeCshtCgkG 96 Q8TE57|ATS16_HUMAN 1060 1070 WsqCsvtCerG 97 Q8TE57|ATS16_HUMAN 1135 1145 WsqCtasCggG 98 Q8TE58|ATS15_HUMAN 848 858 WgpCsasCgsG 99 Q8TE58|ATS15_HUMAN 902 912 WspCsksCgrG 100 Q8TE59|ATS19_HUMAN 642 652 WspCsrtCsaG 101 Q8TE59|ATS19_HUMAN 924 934 WedCdatCggG 102 Q8TE59|ATS19_HUMAN 985 995 WtpCsrtCgkG 103 Q8TE59|ATS19_HUMAN 1096 1106 WskCsitCgkG 104 Q8TE60|ATS18_HUMAN 598 608 WseCsrtCggG 105 Q8TE60|ATS18_HUMAN 940 950 WstCskaCagG 106 Q8TE60|ATS18_HUMAN 1000 1010 WsqCsktCgrG 107 Q8TE60|ATS18_HUMAN 1061 1071 WseCsatCglG 108 Q8TE60|ATS18_HUMAN 1132 1142 WqqCtvtCggG 109 Q8WXS8|ATS14_HUMAN 856 866 WapCskaCggG 110 Q8WXS8|ATS14_HUMAN 977 987 WsqCsatCgeG 111 Q92947|GCDH_HUMAN 225 235 WarCedgCirG 112 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 4538 4548 WraCsvtCgkG 113 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 4595 4605 WeeCtrsCgrG 114 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 4652 4662 WgtCsesCgkG 115 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 4709 4719 WsaCsvsCggG 116 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 4766 4776 WgtCsrtCngG 117 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 4823 4833 WsqCsasCggG 118 Q99732|LITAF_HUMAN 116 126 WlsCgslCllG 119 Q9C0I4|THS7B_HUMAN 49 59 WgrCtgdCgpG 120 Q9C0I4|THS7B_HUMAN 345 355 WspCsktCrsG 121 Q9C0I4|THS7B_HUMAN 746 756 WtpCprmCqaG 122 Q9C0I4|THS7B_HUMAN 1009 1019 WgsCsssCgiG 123 Q9C0I4|THS7B_HUMAN 1258 1268 WteCsqtCghG 124 Q9C0I4|THS7B_HUMAN 1381 1391 WstCeltCidG 125 Q9H324|ATS10_HUMAN 530 540 WgdCsrtCggG 126 Q9H324|ATS10_HUMAN 808 818 WtkCsaqCagG 127 Q9H324|ATS10_HUMAN 867 877 WslCsrsCdaG 128 Q9H324|ATS10_HUMAN 927 937 WseCtpsCgpG 129 Q9H324|ATS10_HUMAN 986 996 WgeCsaqCgvG 130 Q9HCB6|SPON1_HUMAN 510 520 WspCsisCgmG 131 Q9HCB6|SPON1_HUMAN 567 577 WdeCsatCgmG 132 Q9HCB6|SPON1_HUMAN 623 633 WsdCsvtCgkG 133 Q9HCB6|SPON1_HUMAN 677 687 WseCnksCgkG 134 Q9HCB6|SPON1_HUMAN 763 773 WseCtklCggG 135 Q9NS62|THSD1_HUMAN 349 359 WsqCsatCgdG 136 Q9P283|SEM5B_HUMAN 615 625 WalCstsCgiG 137 Q9P283|SEM5B_HUMAN 673 683 WskCssnCggG 138 Q9P283|SEM5B_HUMAN 804 814 WssCsrdCelG 139 Q9P283|SEM5B_HUMAN 861 871 WspCsasCggG 140 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1006 1016 WteCsksCdgG 141 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1061 1071 WseClvtCgkG 142 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1116 1126 WvqCsvtCgqG 143 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1191 1201 WtpCsatCgkG 144 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1247 1257 WssCsvtCgqG 145 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1337 1347 WgaCsstCagG 146 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1391 1401 WgeCtklCggG 147 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1450 1460 WssCsvsCgrG 148 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1506 1516 WsqCsvsCgrG 149 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1564 1574 WqeCtktCgeG 150 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1621 1631 WseCsvtCgkG 151 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 1686 1696 WgsCsvsCgvG 152 Q9UHI8|ATS1_HUMAN 568 578 WgdCsrtCggG 153 Q9UHI8|ATS1_HUMAN 863 873 WgeCsksCelG 154 Q9UHI8|ATS1_HUMAN 917 927 WssCsktCgkG 155 Q9UKP4|ATS7_HUMAN 547 557 WsiCsrsCgmG 156 Q9UKP4|ATS7_HUMAN 924 934 WtkCtvtCgrG 157 Q9UKP5|ATS6_HUMAN 519 529 WgeCsrtCggG 158 Q9UKP5|ATS6_HUMAN 801 811 WseCsatCagG 159 Q9UNA0|ATS5_HUMAN 576 586 WgqCsrsCggG 160 Q9UNA0|ATS5_HUMAN 884 894 WlaCsrtCdtG 161 Q9UP79|ATS8_HUMAN 536 546 WgeCsrtCggG 162 Q9UP79|ATS8_HUMAN 842 852 WseCsstCgaG 163 Q9UPZ6|THS7A_HUMAN 203 213 WseCsktCgsG 164 Q9UPZ6|THS7A_HUMAN 780 790 WtsCpssCkeG 165 Q9UPZ6|THS7A_HUMAN 1044 1054 WsrCsksCgsG 166 Q9UPZ6|THS7A_HUMAN 1423 1433 WslCqltCvnG

These peptides are likely to have anti-angiogenic activity. Methods for testing for such activity are described herein.

Example 3 Peptides Derived from C-X-C Chemokines

For the six predicted and experimentally tested C-X-C chemokines, all of them contain a six amino acid common motif. Following the thus far used notation this motif can be described as X-G-X3-C-L-X-P-X10-K-X-L (SEQ ID NO: 2432) (FIG. 4). There are few common alterations that occur within the sequences of the predicted fragments. For all those cases the motif can be re-written as (N/D)-G-(R/K)-X2-C-L-(N/D)-P-X2-(P/N)-X2-(K/Q)-(K/Q)-(I/V)-(I/V)-(E/Q)-K-X-L (SEQ ID NO: 2436).

TABLE 3 The C-X-C chemokine 22-mer with all the possible amino acid substitutions (SEQ ID NO: 2437) AA#1 AA#2 AA#3 AA#4 AA#5 AA#6 AA#7 AA#8 AA#9 AA#10 AA#11 N(4) G(6) R(3) K(3) A(2) C(6) L(6) D(4) P(6) A(2) A(3) D(2) K(3) E(2) I(2) N(2) E(2) S(2) Q(1) L(1) D(1) E(1) V(1) K(1) AA#12 AA#13 AA#14 AA#15 AA#16 AA#17 AA#18 AA#19 AA#20 AA#21 AA#22 P(6) F(2) V(3) K(4) K(5) I(3) I(4) E(3) K(6) I(3) L(6) I(1) L(2) Q(2) R(1) V(3) V(2) Q(3) F(1) M(1) I(1) K(1) R(1) M(1) W(1)

The generic 22-mer of the predicted C-X-C chemokines including all the possible substitutions is presented in Table 3.

The case of the motif calculation for the theoretically predicted C-X-C chemokines is extremely interesting as in this calculation both short and long fragments are included. If the motifs that were identified within the experimentally tested short fragments are present in the longer ones as well, this might help localize possible anti-angiogenic activity within the longer fragments.

When repeating the calculations with all the theoretically predicted C-X-C chemokines this reproduced the X-G-X3-C-L-X-P-X10-K-X-L motif (SEQ ID NO: 2432) as predicted when the motifs were calculated in the experimentally tested short fragments, but with minimal alterations (FIG. 5).

For the case of all the theoretically predicted C-X-C chemokines a more generic 22-mer can be described as (N/D/K)-G-X3-C-L-(D/N)-(P/L)-X5-(K/Q)-(K/R/N)-(I/V/L)-(I/V/L)-X6. From the above analysis it also becomes obvious that we can localize the activity of the longer predicted fragments at the sites where the predominant motif from the experimentally tested peptides resides.

Similarly to the type I thrombospondin containing proteins one can consider the most generic 3-common letter motif that is identified within the peptide sequences: G-X3-C-L, and search for its existence within the proteome and identify novel peptides that may contain it. Using as a query the aforementioned motif we utilize the ScanProsite tool to search the Prosite database at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics in order to identify protein location that may contain it. The G-X3-C-L motif is identified in 1337 locations of 1170 proteins listed in Table 4 (SEQ ID Nos. 167-1503).

TABLE 4 CXCs Motif: G-X(3)-C-L Number of Locations: 1337 Number of Different Proteins: 1170 First Last Accession Amino Amino # Number|Protein Name acid acid Sequence 167 O00142|KITM_HUMAN 62 67 GkttCL 168 O00167|EYA2_HUMAN 361 366 GanlCL 169 O00220|TR10A_HUMAN 332 337 GeaqCL 170 O00291|HIP1_HUMAN 699 704 GattCL 171 O00409|FOXN3_HUMAN 465 470 GirsCL 172 O00444|PLK4_HUMAN 775 780 GhriCL 173 O00462|MANBA_HUMAN 744 749 GeavCL 174 O00468|AGRIN_HUMAN 1549 1554 GdhpCL 175 O00468|AGRIN_HUMAN 2012 2017 GfvgCL 176 O00476|NPT4_HUMAN 144 149 GcvcCL 177 O00488|ZN593_HUMAN 41 46 GlhrCL 178 O00501|CLD5_HUMAN 10 15 GlvlCL 179 O00624|NPT3_HUMAN 220 225 GcvcCL 180 O14514|BAI1_HUMAN 243 248 GpenCL 181 O14522|PTPRT_HUMAN 736 741 GtplCL 182 O14548|COX7R_HUMAN 97 102 GtiyCL 183 O14617|AP3D1_HUMAN 1113 1118 GhhvCL 184 O14628|ZN195_HUMAN 51 56 GlitCL 185 O14772|FPGT_HUMAN 515 520 GnktCL 186 O14773|TPP1_HUMAN 2 7 GlqaCL 187 O14792|OST1_HUMAN 261 266 GrdrCL 188 O14817|TSN4_HUMAN 68 73 GfvgCL 189 O14841|OPLA_HUMAN 1240 1245 GdvfCL 190 O14842|FFAR1_HUMAN 166 171 GspvCL 191 O14894|T4S5_HUMAN 100 105 GaiyCL 192 O14981|BTAF1_HUMAN 608 613 GawlCL 193 O15021|MAST4_HUMAN 1534 1539 GsheCL 194 O15031|PLXB2_HUMAN 308 313 GaglCL 195 O15056|SYNJ2_HUMAN 27 32 GrddCL 196 O15060|ZBT39_HUMAN 272 277 GtnsCL 197 O15063|K0355_HUMAN 244 249 GcdgCL 198 O15067|PUR4_HUMAN 914 919 GlvtCL 199 O15067|PUR4_HUMAN 1040 1045 GpsyCL 200 O15084|ANR28_HUMAN 449 454 GnleCL 201 O15084|ANR28_HUMAN 549 554 GhrlCL 202 O15084|ANR28_HUMAN 661 666 GhseCL 203 O15105|SMAD7_HUMAN 293 298 GngfCL 204 O15146|MUSK_HUMAN 648 653 GkpmCL 205 O15229|KMO_HUMAN 320 325 GfedCL 206 O15230|LAMA5_HUMAN 1933 1938 GrtqCL 207 O15296|LX15B_HUMAN 157 162 GwphCL 208 O15305|PMM2_HUMAN 5 10 GpalCL 209 O15354|GPR37_HUMAN 448 453 GcyfCL 210 O15379|HDAC3_HUMAN 214 219 GryyCL 211 O15397|IPO8_HUMAN 148 153 GsllCL 212 O15554|KCNN4_HUMAN 263 268 GkivCL 213 O43156|K0406_HUMAN 642 647 GkdfCL 214 O43175|SERA_HUMAN 111 116 GmimCL 215 O43175|SERA_HUMAN 416 421 GfgeCL 216 O43184|ADA12_HUMAN 407 412 GmgvCL 217 O43283|M3K13_HUMAN 133 138 GlfgCL 218 O43396|TXNL1_HUMAN 32 37 GcgpCL 219 O43396|TXNL1_HUMAN 144 149 GfdnCL 220 O43405|COCH_HUMAN 10 15 GlgvCL 221 O43541|SMAD6_HUMAN 363 368 GsgfCL 222 O43609|SPY1_HUMAN 219 224 GtcmCL 223 O43638|FREA_HUMAN 315 320 GltpCL 224 O43747|AP1G1_HUMAN 65 70 GqleCL 225 O43820|HYAL3_HUMAN 12 17 GvalCL 226 O43837|IDH3B_HUMAN 181 186 GvieCL 227 O43889|CREB3_HUMAN 330 335 GntsCL 228 O60244|CRSP2_HUMAN 447 452 GnseCL 229 O60266|ADCY3_HUMAN 44 49 GsclCL 230 O60266|ADCY3_HUMAN 944 949 GgieCL 231 O60292|SI1L3_HUMAN 658 663 GekvCL 232 O60423|AT8B3_HUMAN 238 243 GdvvCL 233 O60504|VINEX_HUMAN 478 483 GehiCL 234 O60508|PRP17_HUMAN 320 325 GerrCL 235 O60613|SEP15_HUMAN 4 9 GpsgCL 236 O60656|UD19_HUMAN 510 515 GyrkCL 237 O60662|KBTBA_HUMAN 447 452 GmiyCL 238 O60669|MOT2_HUMAN 93 98 GllcCL 239 O60673|DPOLZ_HUMAN 47 52 GqktCL 240 O60704|TPST2_HUMAN 229 234 GkekCL 241 O60706|ABCC9_HUMAN 1046 1051 GiflCL 242 O60883|ETBR2_HUMAN 315 320 GcyfCL 243 O75037|KI21B_HUMAN 1454 1459 GpvmCL 244 O75037|KI21B_HUMAN 1617 1622 GltpCL 245 O75052|CAPON_HUMAN 420 425 GrrdCL 246 O75077|ADA23_HUMAN 487 492 GggaCL 247 O75078|ADA11_HUMAN 429 434 GggsCL 248 O75094|SLIT3_HUMAN 1428 1433 GepyCL 249 O75095|MEGF6_HUMAN 695 700 GaclCL 250 O75173|ATS4_HUMAN 19 24 GaqpCL 251 O75173|ATS4_HUMAN 419 424 GyghCL 252 O75311|GLRA3_HUMAN 387 392 GmgpCL 253 O75326|SEM7A_HUMAN 499 504 GchgCL 254 O75342|LX12B_HUMAN 299 304 GegtCL 255 O75342|LX12B_HUMAN 552 557 GfprCL 256 O75346|ZN253_HUMAN 131 136 GlnqCL 257 O75426|FBX24_HUMAN 119 124 GrrrCL 258 O75436|VP26A_HUMAN 169 174 GiedCL 259 O75443|TECTA_HUMAN 1687 1692 GdgyCL 260 O75445|USH2A_HUMAN 1668 1673 GfvgCL 261 O75445|USH2A_HUMAN 4401 4406 GqglCL 262 O75446|SAP30_HUMAN 64 69 GqlcCL 263 O75508|CLD11_HUMAN 164 169 GavlCL 264 O75569|PRKRA_HUMAN 268 273 GqyqCL 265 O75592|MYCB2_HUMAN 1087 1092 GfgvCL 266 O75636|FCN3_HUMAN 16 21 GgpaCL 267 O75678|RFPL2_HUMAN 117 122 GcavCL 268 O75679|RFPL3_HUMAN 56 61 GctvCL 269 O75689|CENA1_HUMAN 37 42 GvfiCL 270 O75691|UTP20_HUMAN 2132 2137 GalqCL 271 O75694|NU155_HUMAN 230 235 GkdgCL 272 O75843|AP1G2_HUMAN 67 72 GqmeCL 273 O75886|STAM2_HUMAN 42 47 GakdCL 274 O75911|DHRS3_HUMAN 168 173 GhivCL 275 O75916|RGS9_HUMAN 642 647 GsgtCL 276 O75923|DYSF_HUMAN 378 383 GahfCL 277 O75923|DYSF_HUMAN 1574 1579 GpqeCL 278 O75925|PIAS1_HUMAN 431 436 GvdgCL 279 O75954|TSN9_HUMAN 4 9 GclcCL 280 O75954|TSN9_HUMAN 68 73 GflgCL 281 O76000|OR2B3_HUMAN 108 113 GateCL 282 O76013|K1H6_HUMAN 58 63 GlgsCL 283 O76064|RNF8_HUMAN 15 20 GrswCL 284 O76075|DFFB_HUMAN 43 48 GsrlCL 285 O94759|TRPM2_HUMAN 272 277 GnltCL 286 O94759|TRPM2_HUMAN 713 718 GkttCL 287 O94761|RECQ4_HUMAN 543 548 GlppCL 288 O94779|CNTN5_HUMAN 169 174 GhyqCL 289 O94779|CNTN5_HUMAN 265 270 GsyiCL 290 O94779|CNTN5_HUMAN 454 459 GmyqCL 291 O94829|IPO13_HUMAN 159 164 GqgrCL 292 O94856|NFASC_HUMAN 312 317 GeyfCL 293 O94887|FARP2_HUMAN 192 197 GqqhCL 294 O94900|TOX_HUMAN 22 27 GpspCL 295 O94907|DKK1_HUMAN 107 112 GvqiCL 296 O94919|ENDD1_HUMAN 371 376 GiesCL 297 O94933|SLIK3_HUMAN 898 903 GfvdCL 298 O94955|RHBT3_HUMAN 386 391 GkinCL 299 O94956|SO2B1_HUMAN 449 454 GmllCL 300 O95071|EDD1_HUMAN 531 536 GtqvCL 301 O95153|RIMB1_HUMAN 79 84 GaeaCL 302 O95153|RIMB1_HUMAN 1485 1490 GlasCL 303 O95163|IKAP_HUMAN 472 477 GfkvCL 304 O95202|LETM1_HUMAN 43 48 GlrnCL 305 O95210|GET1_HUMAN 285 290 GdheCL 306 O95239|KIF4A_HUMAN 27 32 GcqmCL 307 O95248|MTMR5_HUMAN 159 164 GlnvCL 308 O95248|MTMR5_HUMAN 381 386 GyrwCL 309 O95255|MRP6_HUMAN 845 850 GalvCL 310 O95255|MRP6_HUMAN 943 948 GtplCL 311 O95255|MRP6_HUMAN 992 997 GllgCL 312 O95256|I18RA_HUMAN 447 452 GyslCL 313 O95279|KCNK5_HUMAN 122 127 GvplCL 314 O95294|RASL1_HUMAN 130 135 GqgrCL 315 O95342|ABCBB_HUMAN 327 332 GfvwCL 316 O95373|IPO7_HUMAN 147 152 GillCL 317 O95396|MOCS3_HUMAN 250 255 GvlgCL 318 O95405|ZFYV9_HUMAN 137 142 GnlaCL 319 O95477|ABCA1_HUMAN 2120 2125 GrfrCL 320 O95500|CLD14_HUMAN 178 183 GtllCL 321 O95551|TTRAP_HUMAN 217 222 GnelCL 322 O95602|RPA1_HUMAN 1556 1561 GitrCL 323 O95620|DUS4L_HUMAN 125 130 GygaCL 324 O95633|FSTL3_HUMAN 88 93 GlvhCL 325 O95671|ASML_HUMAN 588 593 GeyqCL 326 O95714|HERC2_HUMAN 717 722 GsthCL 327 O95714|HERC2_HUMAN 3265 3270 GalhCL 328 O95714|HERC2_HUMAN 4047 4052 GgkhCL 329 O95715|SCYBE_HUMAN 68 73 GqehCL 330 O95780|ZN682_HUMAN 132 137 GlnqCL 331 O95803|NDST3_HUMAN 815 820 GktkCL 332 O95858|TSN15_HUMAN 285 290 GtgcCL 333 O95873|CF047_HUMAN 171 176 GpeeCL 334 O95886|DLGP3_HUMAN 284 289 GgpfCL 335 O95967|FBLN4_HUMAN 76 81 GgylCL 336 O95977|EDG6_HUMAN 333 338 GpgdCL 337 O96006|ZBED1_HUMAN 221 226 GapnCL 338 O96008|TOM40_HUMAN 72 77 GacgCL 339 O96009|NAPSA_HUMAN 350 355 GvrlCL 340 P00505|AATM_HUMAN 268 273 GinvCL 341 P00750|TPA_HUMAN 515 520 GplvCL 342 P00751|CFAB_HUMAN 288 293 GakkCL 343 P01130|LDLR_HUMAN 314 319 GtneCL 344 P01133|EGF_HUMAN 741 746 GadpCL 345 P01266|THYG_HUMAN 2020 2025 GevtCL 346 P01375|TNFA_HUMAN 26 31 GsrrCL 347 P01730|CD4_HUMAN 366 371 GmwqCL 348 P01833|PIGR_HUMAN 437 442 GfywCL 349 P02775|SCYB7_HUMAN 101 106 GrkiCL 350 P02776|PLF4_HUMAN 37 42 GdlqCL 351 P02776|PLF4_HUMAN 79 84 GrkiCL 352 P02778|SCYBA_HUMAN 70 75 GekrCL 353 P02787|TRFE_HUMAN 209 214 GafkCL 354 P02787|TRFE_HUMAN 538 543 GafrCL 355 P02788|TRFL_HUMAN 213 218 GafkCL 356 P02788|TRFL_HUMAN 549 554 GafrCL 357 P03986|TCC_HUMAN 28 33 GtylCL 358 P04350|TBB4_HUMAN 235 240 GvttCL 359 P04920|B3A2_HUMAN 751 756 GvvfCL 360 P05108|CP11A_HUMAN 458 463 GvrqCL 361 P05141|ADT2_HUMAN 155 160 GlgdCL 362 P05549|AP2A_HUMAN 371 376 GiqsCL 363 P06401|PRGR_HUMAN 484 489 GasgCL 364 P06756|ITAV_HUMAN 905 910 GvaqCL 365 P07202|PERT_HUMAN 819 824 GgfqCL 366 P07339|CATD_HUMAN 362 367 GktlCL 367 P07357|CO8A_HUMAN 117 122 GdqdCL 368 P07437|TBB5_HUMAN 235 240 GvttCL 369 P07686|HEXB_HUMAN 483 488 GgeaCL 370 P07814|SYEP_HUMAN 261 266 GhscCL 371 P07942|LAMB1_HUMAN 1052 1057 GqclCL 372 P07988|PSPB_HUMAN 244 249 GicqCL 373 P08151|GLI1_HUMAN 14 19 GepcCL 374 P08151|GLI1_HUMAN 828 833 GlapCL 375 P08243|ASNS_HUMAN 8 13 GsddCL 376 P08319|ADH4_HUMAN 241 246 GatdCL 377 P08582|TRFM_HUMAN 212 217 GafrCL 378 P08582|TRFM_HUMAN 558 563 GafrCL 379 P08686|CP21A_HUMAN 424 429 GarvCL 380 P08697|A2AP_HUMAN 139 144 GsgpCL 381 P08709|FA7_HUMAN 14 19 GlqgCL 382 P08922|ROS_HUMAN 2248 2253 GdviCL 383 P09001|RM03_HUMAN 291 296 GhknCL 384 P09326|CD48_HUMAN 5 10 GwdsCL 385 P09341|GROA_HUMAN 81 86 GrkaCL 386 P09848|LPH_HUMAN 1846 1851 GphaCL 387 P10071|GLI3_HUMAN 1359 1364 GpesCL 388 P10109|ADX_HUMAN 151 156 GcqiCL 389 P10145|IL8_HUMAN 73 78 GrelCL 390 P10635|CP2D6_HUMAN 439 444 GrraCL 391 P10646|TFPI1_HUMAN 213 218 GpswCL 392 P10720|PF4V_HUMAN 40 45 GdlqCL 393 P10720|PF4V_HUMAN 82 87 GrkiCL 394 P10745|IRBP_HUMAN 328 333 GvvhCL 395 P11047|LAMC1_HUMAN 903 908 GqceCL 396 P11362|FGFR1_HUMAN 337 342 GeytCL 397 P11717|MPRI_HUMAN 231 236 GtaaCL 398 P12236|ADT3_HUMAN 155 160 GlgdCL 399 P13473|LAMP2_HUMAN 228 233 GndtCL 400 P13498|CY24A_HUMAN 45 50 GvfvCL 401 P13569|CFTR_HUMAN 124 129 GiglCL 402 P13686|PPA5_HUMAN 215 220 GpthCL 403 P13804|ETFA_HUMAN 49 54 GevsCL 404 P13807|GYS1_HUMAN 185 190 GvglCL 405 P13861|KAP2_HUMAN 354 359 GdvkCL 406 P14222|PERF_HUMAN 530 535 GggtCL 407 P14543|NID1_HUMAN 24 29 GpvgCL 408 P14867|GBRA1_HUMAN 6 11 GlsdCL 409 P15151|PVR_HUMAN 119 124 GnytCL 410 P15538|C11B1_HUMAN 446 451 GmrqCL 411 P15692|VEGFA_HUMAN 168 173 GarcCL 412 P16109|LYAM3_HUMAN 271 276 GnmiCL 413 P16112|PGCA_HUMAN 2183 2188 GhviCL 414 P16581|LYAM2_HUMAN 376 381 GymnCL 415 P17038|ZNF43_HUMAN 127 132 GfnqCL 416 P17040|ZNF31_HUMAN 184 189 GnsvCL 417 P17936|IBP3_HUMAN 66 71 GcgcCL 418 P18510|IL1RA_HUMAN 87 92 GgkmCL 419 P18564|ITB6_HUMAN 674 679 GeneCL 420 P18577|RHCE_HUMAN 306 311 GgakCL 421 P19099|C11B2_HUMAN 446 451 GmrqCL 422 P19224|UD16_HUMAN 512 517 GyrkCL 423 P19367|HXK1_HUMAN 713 718 GdngCL 424 P19835|CEL_HUMAN 96 101 GdedCL 425 P19875|MIP2A_HUMAN 81 86 GqkaCL 426 P19876|MIP2B_HUMAN 81 86 GkkaCL 427 P19883|FST_HUMAN 252 257 GgkkCL 428 P20062|TCO2_HUMAN 79 84 GyqqCL 429 P20273|CD22_HUMAN 691 696 GlgsCL 430 P20648|ATP4A_HUMAN 108 113 GglqCL 431 P20701|ITAL_HUMAN 76 81 GtghCL 432 P20701|ITAL_HUMAN 1150 1155 GdpgCL 433 P20813|CP2B6_HUMAN 432 437 GkriCL 434 P20916|MAG_HUMAN 301 306 GvyaCL 435 P20929|NEBU_HUMAN 4517 4522 GvvhCL 436 P21554|CNR1_HUMAN 427 432 GdsdCL 437 P21580|TNAP3_HUMAN 99 104 GdgnCL 438 P21802|FGFR2_HUMAN 5 10 GrfiCL 439 P21802|FGFR2_HUMAN 338 343 GeytCL 440 P21817|RYR1_HUMAN 840 845 GpsrCL 441 P21860|ERBB3_HUMAN 513 518 GpgqCL 442 P21964|COMT_HUMAN 30 35 GwglCL 443 P22064|LTB1S_HUMAN 938 943 GsfrCL 444 P22064|LTB1S_HUMAN 1359 1364 GsykCL 445 P22105|TENX_HUMAN 565 570 GrgqCL 446 P22309|UD11_HUMAN 276 281 GginCL 447 P22309|UD11_HUMAN 513 518 GyrkCL 448 P22310|UD14_HUMAN 514 519 GyrkCL 449 P22314|UBE1_HUMAN 230 235 GvvtCL 450 P22455|FGFR4_HUMAN 97 102 GrylCL 451 P22455|FGFR4_HUMAN 220 225 GtytCL 452 P22455|FGFR4_HUMAN 329 334 GeytCL 453 P22607|FGFR3_HUMAN 335 340 GeytCL 454 P22680|CP7A1_HUMAN 330 335 GnpiCL 455 P22732|GTR5_HUMAN 348 353 GfsiCL 456 P23142|FBLN1_HUMAN 269 274 GihnCL 457 P23142|FBLN1_HUMAN 547 552 GgfrCL 458 P23416|GLRA2_HUMAN 376 381 GmghCL 459 P23759|PAX7_HUMAN 466 471 GqseCL 460 P24386|RAE1_HUMAN 395 400 GgiyCL 461 P24557|THAS_HUMAN 475 480 GprsCL 462 P24592|IBP6_HUMAN 100 105 GrgrCL 463 P24593|IBP5_HUMAN 96 101 GrgvCL 464 P24821|TENA_HUMAN 143 148 GagcCL 465 P24903|CP2F1_HUMAN 432 437 GrrlCL 466 P25205|MCM3_HUMAN 239 244 GtyrCL 467 P25874|UCP1_HUMAN 21 26 GiaaCL 468 P25940|CO5A3_HUMAN 1581 1586 GgetCL 469 P26374|RAE2_HUMAN 397 402 GgiyCL 470 P26951|IL3RA_HUMAN 363 368 GleeCL 471 P27487|DPP4_HUMAN 335 340 GrwnCL 472 P27540|ARNT_HUMAN 332 337 GskfCL 473 P27987|IP3KB_HUMAN 284 289 GtrsCL 474 P28332|ADH6_HUMAN 237 242 GateCL 475 P28340|DPOD1_HUMAN 709 714 GklpCL 476 P29274|AA2AR_HUMAN 162 167 GqvaCL 477 P29353|SHC1_HUMAN 570 575 GselCL 478 P29459|IL12A_HUMAN 33 38 GmfpCL 479 P30040|ERP29_HUMAN 153 158 GmpgCL 480 P30530|UFO_HUMAN 106 111 GqyqCL 481 P30532|ACHA5_HUMAN 279 284 GekiCL 482 P30566|PUR8_HUMAN 169 174 GkrcCL 483 P31323|KAP3_HUMAN 368 373 GtvkCL 484 P32004|L1CAM_HUMAN 308 313 GeyrCL 485 P32004|L1CAM_HUMAN 493 498 GryfCL 486 P32314|FOXN2_HUMAN 319 324 GirtCL 487 P32418|NAC1_HUMAN 414 419 GtyqCL 488 P32929|CGL_HUMAN 80 85 GakyCL 489 P32970|TNFL7_HUMAN 29 34 GlviCL 490 P33402|GCYA2_HUMAN 284 289 GncsCL 491 P34913|HYES_HUMAN 258 263 GpavCL 492 P34981|TRFR_HUMAN 94 99 GyvgCL 493 P34998|CRFR1_HUMAN 83 88 GyreCL 494 P35227|PCGF2_HUMAN 316 321 GslnCL 495 P35251|RFC1_HUMAN 402 407 GaenCL 496 P35270|SPRE_HUMAN 6 11 GravCL 497 P35367|HRH1_HUMAN 96 101 GrplCL 498 P35452|HXD12_HUMAN 176 181 GvasCL 499 P35498|SCN1A_HUMAN 964 969 GqamCL 500 P35499|SCN4A_HUMAN 774 779 GqamCL 501 P35503|UD13_HUMAN 514 519 GyrkCL 502 P35504|UD15_HUMAN 514 519 GyrkCL 503 P35555|FBN1_HUMAN 1259 1264 GeyrCL 504 P35555|FBN1_HUMAN 1385 1390 GsyrCL 505 P35555|FBN1_HUMAN 1416 1421 GngqCL 506 P35555|FBN1_HUMAN 1870 1875 GsfyCL 507 P35555|FBN1_HUMAN 2034 2039 GsfkCL 508 P35556|FBN2_HUMAN 1303 1308 GeyrCL 509 P35556|FBN2_HUMAN 1952 1957 GsynCL 510 P35556|FBN2_HUMAN 1994 1999 GsfkCL 511 P35556|FBN2_HUMAN 2076 2081 GgfqCL 512 P35590|TIE1_HUMAN 280 285 GltfCL 513 P35916|VGFR3_HUMAN 4 9 GaalCL 514 P35968|VGFR2_HUMAN 638 643 GdyvCL 515 P36509|UD12_HUMAN 510 515 GyrkCL 516 P36888|FLT3_HUMAN 99 104 GnisCL 517 P37058|DHB3_HUMAN 13 18 GllvCL 518 P38398|BRCA1_HUMAN 949 954 GsrfCL 519 P38571|LICH_HUMAN 7 12 GlvvCL 520 P38571|LICH_HUMAN 58 63 GyilCL 521 P38606|VATA1_HUMAN 390 395 GrvkCL 522 P38607|VATA2_HUMAN 388 393 GrvkCL 523 P39059|COFA1_HUMAN 8 13 GqcwCL 524 P40205|NCYM_HUMAN 100 105 GrppCL 525 P40939|ECHA_HUMAN 709 714 GfppCL 526 P41217|OX2G_HUMAN 117 122 GcymCL 527 P42331|RHG25_HUMAN 4 9 GqsaCL 528 P42345|FRAP_HUMAN 1479 1484 GrmrCL 529 P42785|PCP_HUMAN 339 344 GqvkCL 530 P42830|SCYB5_HUMAN 87 92 GkeiCL 531 P42892|ECE1_HUMAN 79 84 GlvaCL 532 P43378|PTN9_HUMAN 334 339 GdvpCL 533 P43403|ZAP70_HUMAN 113 118 GvfdCL 534 P43403|ZAP70_HUMAN 245 250 GliyCL 535 P46379|BAT3_HUMAN 872 877 GlfeCL 536 P46531|NOTC1_HUMAN 1354 1359 GslrCL 537 P47775|GPR12_HUMAN 166 171 GtsiCL 538 P47804|RGR_HUMAN 275 280 GiwqCL 539 P48048|IRK1_HUMAN 204 209 GgklCL 540 P48052|CBPA2_HUMAN 12 17 GhiyCL 541 P48059|PINC_HUMAN 176 181 GelyCL 542 P48067|SC6A9_HUMAN 457 462 GtqfCL 543 P48230|T4S4_HUMAN 5 10 GcarCL 544 P48745|NOV_HUMAN 60 65 GcscCL 545 P49247|RPIA_HUMAN 100 105 GgggCL 546 P49327|FAS_HUMAN 1455 1460 GlvnCL 547 P49588|SYAC_HUMAN 897 902 GkitCL 548 P49640|EVX1_HUMAN 345 350 GpcsCL 549 P49641|MA2A2_HUMAN 862 867 GwrgCL 550 P49646|YYY1_HUMAN 393 398 GetpCL 551 P49753|ACOT2_HUMAN 296 301 GgelCL 552 P49903|SPS1_HUMAN 323 328 GlliCL 553 P49910|ZN165_HUMAN 32 37 GqdtCL 554 P50851|LRBA_HUMAN 2736 2741 GpenCL 555 P51151|RAB9A_HUMAN 79 84 GsdcCL 556 P51168|SCNNB_HUMAN 532 537 GsvlCL 557 P51589|CP2J2_HUMAN 444 449 GkraCL 558 P51606|RENBP_HUMAN 37 42 GfftCL 559 P51674|GPM6A_HUMAN 170 175 GanlCL 560 P51685|CCR8_HUMAN 150 155 GttlCL 561 P51790|CLCN3_HUMAN 520 525 GaaaCL 562 P51790|CLCN3_HUMAN 723 728 GlrqCL 563 P51793|CLCN4_HUMAN 520 525 GaaaCL 564 P51793|CLCN4_HUMAN 721 726 GlrqCL 565 P51795|CLCN5_HUMAN 506 511 GaaaCL 566 P51795|CLCN5_HUMAN 707 712 GlrqCL 567 P51800|CLCKA_HUMAN 613 618 GhqqCL 568 P51801|CLCKB_HUMAN 613 618 GhqqCL 569 P51957|NEK4_HUMAN 322 327 GegkCL 570 P52306|GDS1_HUMAN 25 30 GcldCL 571 P52306|GDS1_HUMAN 265 270 GlveCL 572 P52429|DGKE_HUMAN 411 416 GtkdCL 573 P52744|ZN138_HUMAN 48 53 GlnqCL 574 P52789|HXK2_HUMAN 713 718 GdngCL 575 P52803|EFNA5_HUMAN 147 152 GrrsCL 576 P52823|STC1_HUMAN 55 60 GafaCL 577 P52848|NDST1_HUMAN 824 829 GktkCL 578 P52849|NDST2_HUMAN 302 307 GkrlCL 579 P52849|NDST2_HUMAN 823 828 GktrCL 580 P52961|NAR1_HUMAN 220 225 GiwtCL 581 P53355|DAPK1_HUMAN 1326 1331 GkdwCL 582 P54132|BLM_HUMAN 891 896 GiiyCL 583 P54277|PMS1_HUMAN 837 842 GmanCL 584 P54750|PDE1A_HUMAN 32 37 GilrCL 585 P54753|EPHB3_HUMAN 297 302 GegpCL 586 P54826|GAS1_HUMAN 19 24 GawlCL 587 P55160|NCKPL_HUMAN 938 943 GpieCL 588 P55268|LAMB2_HUMAN 501 506 GcdrCL 589 P55268|LAMB2_HUMAN 1063 1068 GqcpCL 590 P56192|SYMC_HUMAN 8 13 GvpgCL 591 P56749|CLD12_HUMAN 63 68 GssdCL 592 P57077|TAK1L_HUMAN 68 73 GflkCL 593 P57679|EVC_HUMAN 683 688 GssqCL 594 P58215|LOXL3_HUMAN 13 18 GlllCL 595 P58397|ATS12_HUMAN 447 452 GwgfCL 596 P58418|USH3A_HUMAN 69 74 GscgCL 597 P58512|CU067_HUMAN 166 171 GfpaCL 598 P59047|NALP5_HUMAN 64 69 GlqwCL 599 P59510|ATS20_HUMAN 458 463 GygeCL 600 P60370|KR105_HUMAN 32 37 GtapCL 601 P60371|KR106_HUMAN 16 21 GsrvCL 602 P60409|KR107_HUMAN 16 21 GsrvCL 603 P60413|KR10C_HUMAN 11 16 GsrvCL 604 P60602|CT052_HUMAN 38 43 GtfsCL 605 P61011|SRP54_HUMAN 129 134 GwktCL 606 P61550|ENT1_HUMAN 343 348 GnasCL 607 P61619|S61A1_HUMAN 143 148 GagiCL 608 P62072|TIM10_HUMAN 46 51 GesvCL 609 P62312|LSM6_HUMAN 32 37 GvlaCL 610 P62714|PP2AB_HUMAN 161 166 GqifCL 611 P67775|PP2AA_HUMAN 161 166 GqifCL 612 P68371|TBB2C_HUMAN 235 240 GvttCL 613 P69849|NOMO3_HUMAN 507 512 GkvsCL 614 P78310|CXAR_HUMAN 219 224 GsdqCL 615 P78324|SHPS1_HUMAN 12 17 GpllCL 616 P78325|ADAM8_HUMAN 101 106 GqdhCL 617 P78346|RPP30_HUMAN 253 258 GdedCL 618 P78357|CNTP1_HUMAN 1205 1210 GfsgCL 619 P78423|X3CL1_HUMAN 350 355 GllfCL 620 P78504|JAG1_HUMAN 898 903 GprpCL 621 P78509|RELN_HUMAN 2862 2867 GhgdCL 622 P78524|ST5_HUMAN 127 132 GvaaCL 623 P78549|NTHL1_HUMAN 286 291 GqqtCL 624 P78559|MAP1A_HUMAN 2433 2438 GpqgCX 625 P80162|SCYB6_HUMAN 87 92 GkqvCL 626 P82279|CRUM1_HUMAN 1092 1097 GlqgCL 627 P83105|HTRA4_HUMAN 10 15 GlgrCL 628 P98088|MUC5A_HUMAN 853 858 GcprCL 629 P98095|FBLN2_HUMAN 1047 1052 GsfrCL 630 P98153|IDD_HUMAN 289 294 GddpCL 631 P98160|PGBM_HUMAN 3181 3186 GtyvCL 632 P98161|PKD1_HUMAN 649 654 GaniCL 633 P98164|LRP2_HUMAN 1252 1257 GhpdCL 634 P98164|LRP2_HUMAN 3819 3824 GsadCL 635 P98173|FAM3A_HUMAN 83 88 GpkiCL 636 P98194|AT2C1_HUMAN 158 163 GdtvCL 637 Q00872|MYPC1_HUMAN 447 452 GkeiCL 638 Q00973|B4GN1_HUMAN 408 413 GlgnCL 639 Q01064|PDE1B_HUMAN 243 248 GmvhCL 640 Q01433|AMPD2_HUMAN 103 108 GpapCL 641 Q02246|CNTN2_HUMAN 107 112 GvyqCL 642 Q02246|CNTN2_HUMAN 203 208 GnysCL 643 Q02318|CP27A_HUMAN 472 477 GvraCL 644 Q02985|FHR3_HUMAN 188 193 GsitCL 645 Q03923|ZNF85_HUMAN 133 138 GlnqCL 646 Q03923|ZNF85_HUMAN 184 189 GmisCL 647 Q03924|ZN117_HUMAN 103 108 GlnqCL 648 Q03936|ZNF92_HUMAN 132 137 GlnqCL 649 Q03938|ZNF90_HUMAN 132 137 GlnqCL 650 Q04721|NOTC2_HUMAN 476 481 GgftCL 651 Q05469|LIPS_HUMAN 716 721 GeriCL 652 Q06730|ZN33A_HUMAN 530 535 GktfCL 653 Q06732|ZN11B_HUMAN 531 536 GktfCL 654 Q07325|SCYB9_HUMAN 70 75 GvqtCL 655 Q07617|SPAG1_HUMAN 133 138 GsnsCL 656 Q07954|LRP1_HUMAN 875 880 GdndCL 657 Q07954|LRP1_HUMAN 3001 3006 GsykCL 658 Q08629|TICN1_HUMAN 178 183 GpcpCL 659 Q09428|ABCC8_HUMAN 1073 1078 GivlCL 660 Q10471|GALT2_HUMAN 535 540 GsnlCL 661 Q12796|PNRC1_HUMAN 63 68 GdgpCL 662 Q12805|FBLN3_HUMAN 66 71 GgylCL 663 Q12809|KCNH2_HUMAN 719 724 GfpeCL 664 Q12841|FSTL1_HUMAN 48 53 GeptCL 665 Q12852|M3K12_HUMAN 90 95 GlfgCL 666 Q12860|CNTN1_HUMAN 110 115 GiyyCL 667 Q12882|DPYD_HUMAN 988 993 GctlCL 668 Q12933|TRAF2_HUMAN 387 392 GykmCL 669 Q12986|NFX1_HUMAN 537 542 GdfsCL 670 Q13077|TRAF1_HUMAN 302 307 GyklCL 671 Q13129|RLF_HUMAN 48 53 GlrpCL 672 Q13200|PSMD2_HUMAN 135 140 GereCL 673 Q13224|NMDE2_HUMAN 584 589 GynrCL 674 Q13224|NMDE2_HUMAN 1392 1397 GddqCL 675 Q13255|MGR1_HUMAN 136 141 GinrCL 676 Q13275|SEM3F_HUMAN 305 310 GghcCL 677 Q13308|PTK7_HUMAN 429 434 GyldCL 678 Q13309|SKP2_HUMAN 107 112 GifsCL 679 Q13322|GRB10_HUMAN 219 224 GlerCL 680 Q13370|PDE3B_HUMAN 253 258 GgagCL 681 Q13371|PHLP_HUMAN 200 205 GcmiCL 682 Q13387|JIP2_HUMAN 594 599 GlfsCL 683 Q13410|BT1A1_HUMAN 8 13 GlprCL 684 Q13444|ADA15_HUMAN 405 410 GmgsCL 685 Q13470|TNK1_HUMAN 105 110 GglkCL 686 Q13485|SMAD4_HUMAN 359 364 GdrfCL 687 Q13554|KCC2B_HUMAN 472 477 GpppCL 688 Q13591|SEM5A_HUMAN 819 824 GgmpCL 689 Q13591|SEM5A_HUMAN 876 881 GgdiCL 690 Q13639|5HT4R_HUMAN 89 94 GevfCL 691 Q13642|FHL1_HUMAN 23 28 GhhcCL 692 Q13686|ALKB1_HUMAN 300 305 GlphCL 693 Q13698|CAC1S_HUMAN 1210 1215 GglyCL 694 Q13751|LAMB3_HUMAN 449 454 GrclCL 695 Q13772|NCOA4_HUMAN 97 102 GqfnCL 696 Q13772|NCOA4_HUMAN 364 369 GnlkCL 697 Q13795|ARFRP_HUMAN 159 164 GrrdCL 698 Q13822|ENPP2_HUMAN 21 26 GvniCL 699 Q13885|TBB2A_HUMAN 235 240 GvttCL 700 Q14008|CKAP5_HUMAN 109 114 GieiCL 701 Q14008|CKAP5_HUMAN 1237 1242 GvigCL 702 Q14114|LRP8_HUMAN 175 180 GnrsCL 703 Q14114|LRP8_HUMAN 336 341 GlneCL 704 Q14159|K0146_HUMAN 513 518 GtraCL 705 Q14264|ENR1_HUMAN 358 363 GeltCL 706 Q14315|FLNC_HUMAN 1649 1654 GlgaCL 707 Q14344|GNA13_HUMAN 314 319 GdphCL 708 Q14392|LRC32_HUMAN 360 365 GslpCL 709 Q14393|GAS6_HUMAN 138 143 GnffCL 710 Q14393|GAS6_HUMAN 217 222 GsysCL 711 Q14435|GALT3_HUMAN 93 98 GerpCL 712 Q14435|GALT3_HUMAN 513 518 GqplCL 713 Q14451|GRB7_HUMAN 517 522 GilpCL 714 Q14520|HABP2_HUMAN 121 126 GrgqCL 715 Q14524|SCN5A_HUMAN 911 916 GqslCL 716 Q14566|MCM6_HUMAN 154 159 GtflCL 717 Q14593|ZN273_HUMAN 100 105 GlnqCL 718 Q14656|ITBA1_HUMAN 197 202 GvlsCL 719 Q14669|TRIPC_HUMAN 562 567 GladCL 720 Q14669|TRIPC_HUMAN 1136 1141 GgaeCL 721 Q14703|MBTP1_HUMAN 845 850 GdsnCL 722 Q14714|SSPN_HUMAN 91 96 GiivCL 723 Q14766|LTB1L_HUMAN 1139 1144 GsfrCL 724 Q14766|LTB1L_HUMAN 1560 1565 GsykCL 725 Q14767|LTBP2_HUMAN 990 995 GsytCL 726 Q14767|LTBP2_HUMAN 1156 1161 GsyqCL 727 Q14767|LTBP2_HUMAN 1197 1202 GsffCL 728 Q14767|LTBP2_HUMAN 1238 1243 GsfnCL 729 Q14767|LTBP2_HUMAN 1324 1329 GsfrCL 730 Q14767|LTBP2_HUMAN 1366 1371 GsflCL 731 Q14774|HLX1_HUMAN 483 488 GalgCL 732 Q14916|NPT1_HUMAN 110 115 GfalCL 733 Q14916|NPT1_HUMAN 207 212 GcavCL 734 Q14940|SL9A5_HUMAN 576 581 GsgaCL 735 Q14957|NMDE3_HUMAN 941 946 GpspCL 736 Q15021|CND1_HUMAN 730 735 GtiqCL 737 Q15034|HERC3_HUMAN 145 150 GnwhCL 738 Q15048|LRC14_HUMAN 281 286 GrftCL 739 Q15058|KIF14_HUMAN 438 443 GfntCL 740 Q15061|WDR43_HUMAN 103 108 GtctCL 741 Q15147|PLCB4_HUMAN 987 992 GgsnCL 742 Q15155|NOMO1_HUMAN 507 512 GkvsCL 743 Q15274|NADC_HUMAN 92 97 GpahCL 744 Q15303|ERBB4_HUMAN 516 521 GpdqCL 745 Q15334|L2GL1_HUMAN 722 727 GvvrCL 746 Q15399|TLR1_HUMAN 663 668 GmqiCL 747 Q15413|RYR3_HUMAN 229 234 GhdeCL 748 Q15413|RYR3_HUMAN 1656 1661 GlrtCL 749 Q15418|KS6A1_HUMAN 548 553 GnpeCL 750 Q15546|PAQRB_HUMAN 185 190 GliyCL 751 Q15633|TRBP2_HUMAN 321 326 GlcqCL 752 Q15650|TRIP4_HUMAN 196 201 GsgpCL 753 Q15652|JHD2C_HUMAN 1864 1869 GfvvCL 754 Q15735|PI5PA_HUMAN 379 384 GpgrCL 755 Q15746|MYLK_HUMAN 229 234 GvytCL 756 Q15746|MYLK_HUMAN 579 584 GtytCL 757 Q15858|SCN9A_HUMAN 940 945 GqamCL 758 Q15911|ATBF1_HUMAN 3527 3532 GsyhCL 759 Q16342|PDCD2_HUMAN 121 126 GesvCL 760 Q16363|LAMA4_HUMAN 1001 1006 GfvgCL 761 Q16549|PCSK7_HUMAN 16 21 GlptCL 762 Q16617|NKG7_HUMAN 15 20 GlmfCL 763 Q16647|PTGIS_HUMAN 437 442 GhnhCL 764 Q16787|LAMA3_HUMAN 1526 1531 GvssCL 765 Q30KQ9|DB111_HUMAN 60 65 GthcCL 766 Q32MQ0|ZN750_HUMAN 121 126 GthrCL 767 Q3KNT7|NSN5B_HUMAN 134 139 GaehCL 768 Q3LI83|KR241_HUMAN 153 158 GqlnCL 769 Q3SYG4|PTHB1_HUMAN 822 827 GgrlCL 770 Q3T8J9|GON4L_HUMAN 1740 1745 GcadCL 771 Q495M9|USH1G_HUMAN 76 81 GhlhCL 772 Q496M8|CI094_HUMAN 170 175 GefsCL 773 Q499Z4|ZN672_HUMAN 40 45 GrfrCL 774 Q4G0F5|VP26B_HUMAN 167 172 GiedCL 775 Q4KMG0|CDON_HUMAN 93 98 GyyqCL 776 Q53G59|KLH12_HUMAN 426 431 GviyCL 777 Q53H47|SETMR_HUMAN 72 77 GtcsCL 778 Q53R12|T4S20_HUMAN 213 218 GflgCL 779 Q58EX2|SDK2_HUMAN 469 474 GtytCL 780 Q5HYK3|COQ5_HUMAN 240 245 GrflCL 781 Q5IJ48|CRUM2_HUMAN 243 248 GsfrCL 782 Q5JPE7|NOMO2_HUMAN 507 512 GkvsCL 783 Q5JQC9|AKAP4_HUMAN 242 247 GkskCL 784 Q5JVG8|ZN506_HUMAN 132 137 GlkqCL 785 Q5JWF2|GNAS1_HUMAN 2 7 GvrnCL 786 Q5JWF2|GNAS1_HUMAN 584 589 GtsgCL 787 Q5JWF8|CT134_HUMAN 111 116 GccvCL 788 Q5MJ68|SPDYC_HUMAN 138 143 GkdwCL 789 Q5NUL3|GP120_HUMAN 72 77 GataCL 790 Q5SRN2|CF010_HUMAN 117 122 GsikCL 791 Q5T2D3|OTUD3_HUMAN 72 77 GdgnCL 792 Q5T5C0|STXB5_HUMAN 322 327 GrrpCL 793 Q5T751|LCE1C_HUMAN 72 77 GggcCL 794 Q5T752|LCE1D_HUMAN 68 73 GggcCL 795 Q5T753|LCE1E_HUMAN 72 77 GggcCL 796 Q5T754|LCE1F_HUMAN 72 77 GggcCL 797 Q5T7P2|LCE1A_HUMAN 64 69 GggcCL 798 Q5T7P3|LCE1B_HUMAN 72 77 GggcCL 799 Q5TA78|LCE4A_HUMAN 55 60 GggcCL 800 Q5TA79|LCE2A_HUMAN 64 69 GggcCL 801 Q5TA82|LCE2D_HUMAN 68 73 GggcCL 802 Q5TCM9|LCE5A_HUMAN 64 69 GggcCL 803 Q5TEA3|CT194_HUMAN 465 470 GgngCL 804 Q5TEJ8|ICB1_HUMAN 39 44 GnecCL 805 Q5THJ4|VP13D_HUMAN 1215 1220 GslgCL 806 Q5VST9|OBSCN_HUMAN 3315 3320 GdryCL 807 Q5VST9|OBSCN_HUMAN 4189 4194 GvqwCL 808 Q5VST9|OBSCN_HUMAN 5195 5200 GvyrCL 809 Q5VST9|OBSCN_HUMAN 6425 6430 GvytCL 810 Q5VT25|MRCKA_HUMAN 1325 1330 GaltCL 811 Q5VUA4|ZN318_HUMAN 1984 1989 GpspCL 812 Q5VZ18|SHE_HUMAN 8 13 GasaCL 813 Q5VZM2|RRAGB_HUMAN 366 371 GpkqCL 814 Q5W111|CLLD6_HUMAN 50 55 GtggCL 815 Q5XUX1|FBXW9_HUMAN 184 189 GgslCL 816 Q5ZPR3|CD276_HUMAN 216 221 GtysCL 817 Q5ZPR3|CD276_HUMAN 434 439 GtysCL 818 Q5ZPR3|CD276_HUMAN 472 477 GlsvCL 819 Q63ZY6|NSN5C_HUMAN 216 221 GaehCL 820 Q63ZY6|NSN5C_HUMAN 293 298 GkgrCL 821 Q68CP9|ARID2_HUMAN 566 571 GfykCL 822 Q6BDS2|URFB1_HUMAN 549 554 GnlfCL 823 Q6GQQ9|OTU7B_HUMAN 190 195 GdgnCL 824 Q6GTX8|LAIR1_HUMAN 10 15 GlvlCL 825 Q6IS24|GLTL3_HUMAN 564 569 GtgrCL 826 Q6ISS4|LAIR2_HUMAN 10 15 GlvlCL 827 Q6ISS4|LAIR2_HUMAN 97 102 GlyrCL 828 Q6N022|TEN4_HUMAN 139 144 GrssCL 829 Q6NUM9|RETST_HUMAN 366 371 GnarCL 830 Q6P1M0|S27A4_HUMAN 297 302 GigqCL 831 Q6P1R4|DUS1L_HUMAN 209 214 GniqCL 832 Q6P587|FAHD1_HUMAN 96 101 GyalCL 833 Q6P656|CO026_HUMAN 144 149 GqdfCL 834 Q6PCB7|S27A1_HUMAN 300 305 GvgqCL 835 Q6PCT2|FXL19_HUMAN 222 227 GgdaCL 836 Q6Q0C0|TRAF7_HUMAN 397 402 GpvwCL 837 Q6Q4G3|LAEVR_HUMAN 794 799 GledCL 838 Q6TGC4|PADI6_HUMAN 22 27 GteiCL 839 Q6UB99|ANR11_HUMAN 498 503 GssgCL 840 Q6UWJ8|C16L2_HUMAN 15 20 GgccCL 841 Q6UWN5|LYPD5_HUMAN 15 20 GaalCL 842 Q6UX01|LMBRL_HUMAN 394 399 GncvCL 843 Q6UX53|MET7B_HUMAN 199 204 GdgcCL 844 Q6UX65|TMM77_HUMAN 99 104 GilsCL 845 Q6UXV0|GFRAL_HUMAN 127 132 GmwsCL 846 Q6UY09|CEA20_HUMAN 226 231 GlyrCL 847 Q6V0L0|CP26C_HUMAN 455 460 GarsCL 848 Q6V0L0|CP26C_HUMAN 517 522 GnglCL 849 Q6VVB1|NHLC1_HUMAN 47 52 GhvvCL 850 Q6VVX0|CP2R1_HUMAN 444 449 GrrhCL 851 Q6W4X9|MUC6_HUMAN 1095 1100 GdceCL 852 Q6WN34|CRDL2_HUMAN 54 59 GlmyCL 853 Q6ZN16|M3K15_HUMAN 82 87 GarqCL 854 Q6ZN17|LN28B_HUMAN 103 108 GgspCL 855 Q6ZRI6|CO039_HUMAN 141 146 GlstCL 856 Q6ZRQ5|CF167_HUMAN 1116 1121 GilkCL 857 Q6ZSY5|PPR3F_HUMAN 647 652 GaevCL 858 Q6ZV89|SH2D5_HUMAN 195 200 GghsCL 859 Q6ZVD8|PHLPL_HUMAN 5 10 GsrnCL 860 Q6ZW76|ANKS3_HUMAN 632 637 GqalCL 861 Q75N90|FBN3_HUMAN 551 556 GsfsCL 862 Q75N90|FBN3_HUMAN 1217 1222 GghrCL 863 Q75N90|FBN3_HUMAN 1826 1831 GsymCL 864 Q75N90|FBN3_HUMAN 1866 1871 GsynCL 865 Q75N90|FBN3_HUMAN 1908 1913 GsfhCL 866 Q75N90|FBN3_HUMAN 1990 1995 GsfqCL 867 Q7L099|RUFY3_HUMAN 37 42 GewlCL 868 Q7L0J3|SV2A_HUMAN 230 235 GrrqCL 869 Q7L3T8|SYPM_HUMAN 149 154 GkeyCL 870 Q7L622|K1333_HUMAN 310 315 GitdCL 871 Q7LBC6|JHD2B_HUMAN 1049 1054 GfgvCL 872 Q7LBC6|JHD2B_HUMAN 1388 1393 GrllCL 873 Q7RTN6|STRAD_HUMAN 294 299 GtvpCL 874 Q7RTP0|NIPA1_HUMAN 122 127 GklgCL 875 Q7RTU9|STRC_HUMAN 1077 1082 GacsCL 876 Q7RTX0|TS1R3_HUMAN 20 25 GaplCL 877 Q7Z2W7|TRPM8_HUMAN 652 657 GgsnCL 878 Q7Z333|SETX_HUMAN 1106 1111 GekkCL 879 Q7Z3K3|POGZ_HUMAN 749 754 GrqtCL 880 Q7Z3T1|OR2W3_HUMAN 108 113 GgveCL 881 Q7Z401|MYCPP_HUMAN 948 953 GsadCL 882 Q7Z460|CLAP1_HUMAN 146 151 GiclCL 883 Q7Z4S6|KI21A_HUMAN 1493 1498 GpvmCL 884 Q7Z5G4|GOGA7_HUMAN 68 73 GclaCL 885 Q7Z5K2|WAPL_HUMAN 850 855 GaerCL 886 Q7Z713|ANR37_HUMAN 75 80 GsleCL 887 Q7Z7E8|UB2Q1_HUMAN 36 41 GpgpCL 888 Q7Z7M0|MEGF8_HUMAN 403 408 GcgwCL 889 Q7Z7M1|GP144_HUMAN 343 348 GselCL 890 Q86SG6|NEK8_HUMAN 418 423 GsngCL 891 Q86SQ6|GP123_HUMAN 1058 1063 GraaCL 892 Q86SQ6|GP123_HUMAN 1091 1096 GhasCL 893 Q86T20|CF001_HUMAN 75 80 GvldCL 894 Q86T65|DAAM2_HUMAN 570 575 GappCL 895 Q86TX2|ACOT1_HUMAN 234 239 GgelCL 896 Q86U44|MTA70_HUMAN 479 484 GkehCL 897 Q86UE6|LRTM1_HUMAN 19 24 GvvlCL 898 Q86UK0|ABCAC_HUMAN 1251 1256 GwlcCL 899 Q86UK5|LBN_HUMAN 26 31 GgrgCL 900 Q86UQ4|ABCAD_HUMAN 4056 4061 GppfCL 901 Q86UQ4|ABCAD_HUMAN 4932 4937 GsfkCL 902 Q86UU1|PHLB1_HUMAN 119 124 GcmlCL 903 Q86UU1|PHLB1_HUMAN 1245 1250 GvdtCL 904 Q86UV5|UBP48_HUMAN 50 55 GnpnCL 905 Q86UW9|DTX2_HUMAN 347 352 GlpvCL 906 Q86V24|ADR2_HUMAN 190 195 GailCL 907 Q86V71|ZN429_HUMAN 132 137 GlnqCL 908 Q86VH4|LRTM4_HUMAN 271 276 GtfkCL 909 Q86WB7|UN93A_HUMAN 178 183 GasdCL 910 Q86WG5|MTMRD_HUMAN 369 374 GyrsCL 911 Q86WK7|AMGO3_HUMAN 348 353 GlfvCL 912 Q86WR7|CJ047_HUMAN 84 89 GgvcCL 913 Q86X76|NIT1_HUMAN 288 293 GpglCL 914 Q86XN8|RKHD1_HUMAN 192 197 GtdvCL 915 Q86Y01|DTX1_HUMAN 345 350 GlpvCL 916 Q86Y56|HEAT2_HUMAN 271 276 GwllCL 917 Q86YC3|LRC33_HUMAN 396 401 GlasCL 918 Q8IU80|TMPS6_HUMAN 503 508 GqpdCL 919 Q8IUK8|CBLN2_HUMAN 27 32 GcgsCL 920 Q8IUL8|CILP2_HUMAN 464 469 GcqkCL 921 Q8IVF6|ANR18_HUMAN 706 711 GykkCL 922 Q8IVH4|MMAA_HUMAN 96 101 GqraCL 923 Q8IWB7|WDFY1_HUMAN 200 205 GsvaCL 924 Q8IWN6|CX052_HUMAN 89 94 GskrCL 925 Q8IWV2|CNTN4_HUMAN 380 385 GmyqCL 926 Q8IWY4|SCUB1_HUMAN 342 347 GsfqCL 927 Q8IX30|SCUB3_HUMAN 337 342 GsfqCL 928 Q8IXI1|MIRO2_HUMAN 515 520 GqtpCL 929 Q8IXW0|CK035_HUMAN 268 273 GslpCL 930 Q8IY26|PPAC2_HUMAN 149 154 GtlyCL 931 Q8IY49|PAQRA_HUMAN 216 221 GvfyCL 932 Q8IYB9|ZN595_HUMAN 132 137 GvyqCL 933 Q8IYG6|LRC56_HUMAN 194 199 GnlvCL 934 Q8IZ96|CKLF1_HUMAN 112 117 GgslCL 935 Q8IZD0|SAM14_HUMAN 95 100 GgsfCL 936 Q8IZE3|PACE1_HUMAN 322 327 GetpCL 937 Q8IZF4|GP114_HUMAN 521 526 GkllCL 938 Q8IZJ1|UNC5B_HUMAN 547 552 GtfgCL 939 Q8IZL8|PELP1_HUMAN 317 322 GlarCL 940 Q8IZY2|ABCA7_HUMAN 2001 2006 GrfrCL 941 Q8N122|RPTOR_HUMAN 549 554 GqeaCL 942 Q8N122|RPTOR_HUMAN 1302 1307 GaisCL 943 Q8N1F7|NUP93_HUMAN 518 523 GdppCL 944 Q8N1G0|ZN687_HUMAN 1133 1138 GaqqCL 945 Q8N283|ANR35_HUMAN 65 70 GlteCL 946 Q8N283|ANR35_HUMAN 703 708 GlwdCL 947 Q8N357|CB018_HUMAN 57 62 GefsCL 948 Q8N3C7|RSNL2_HUMAN 201 206 GavkCL 949 Q8N3V7|SYNPO_HUMAN 28 33 GsyrCL 950 Q8N441|FGRL1_HUMAN 334 339 GmyiCL 951 Q8N442|GUF1_HUMAN 334 339 GdtlCL 952 Q8N4B4|FBX39_HUMAN 114 119 GllsCL 953 Q8N5D0|WDTC1_HUMAN 48 53 GcvnCL 954 Q8N5D6|GBGT1_HUMAN 9 14 GlgfCL 955 Q8N655|CJ012_HUMAN 468 473 GdvkCL 956 Q8N6F8|WBS27_HUMAN 160 165 GglvCL 957 Q8N6T3|ARFG1_HUMAN 38 43 GiwiCL 958 Q8N6V9|TEX9_HUMAN 3 8 GrslCL 959 Q8N6Y1|PCD20_HUMAN 27 32 GpfsCL 960 Q8N6Y1|PCD20_HUMAN 881 886 GiyiCL 961 Q8N726|CD2A2_HUMAN 160 165 GrarCL 962 Q8N813|CC056_HUMAN 42 47 GsctCL 963 Q8N895|ZN366_HUMAN 695 700 GrdeCL 964 Q8N8A2|ANR44_HUMAN 543 548 GhrqCL 965 Q8N8A2|ANR44_HUMAN 645 650 GhtlCL 966 Q8N8Q9|NIPA2_HUMAN 112 117 GkigCL 967 Q8N8R3|MCATL_HUMAN 133 138 GsldCL 968 Q8N9B4|ANR42_HUMAN 142 147 GrlgCL 969 Q8N9B4|ANR42_HUMAN 281 286 GhieCL 970 Q8N9L9|ACOT4_HUMAN 234 239 GadiCL 971 Q8NB46|ANR52_HUMAN 434 439 GnveCL 972 Q8NB46|ANR52_HUMAN 732 737 GcedCL 973 Q8NB46|ANR52_HUMAN 802 807 GhedCL 974 Q8NB49|AT11C_HUMAN 110 115 GyedCL 975 Q8NBJ9|SIDT2_HUMAN 296 301 GmlfCL 976 Q8NBV4|PPAC3_HUMAN 128 133 GtilCL 977 Q8NCL4|GALT6_HUMAN 505 510 GtnqCL 978 Q8NCL4|GALT6_HUMAN 593 598 GsgtCL 979 Q8NCN4|RN169_HUMAN 67 72 GcagCL 980 Q8NDX1|PSD4_HUMAN 183 188 GlkcCL 981 Q8NDX1|PSD4_HUMAN 821 826 GedhCL 982 Q8NEN9|PDZD8_HUMAN 724 729 GgliCL 983 Q8NFP4|MDGA1_HUMAN 622 627 GsaaCL 984 Q8NFP9|NBEA_HUMAN 2819 2824 GpenCL 985 Q8NFU7|CXXC6_HUMAN 1660 1665 GvtaCL 986 Q8NG94|O11H1_HUMAN 112 117 GtseCL 987 Q8NG99|OR7G2_HUMAN 109 114 GlenCL 988 Q8NGC9|O11H4_HUMAN 118 123 GtteCL 989 Q8NGH6|O52L2_HUMAN 96 101 GytvCL 990 Q8NGH7|O52L1_HUMAN 96 101 GyivCL 991 Q8NGI2|O52N4_HUMAN 95 100 GfdeCL 992 Q8NGJ0|OR5A1_HUMAN 111 116 GlseCL 993 Q8NGK5|O52M1_HUMAN 95 100 GldaCL 994 Q8NGR9|OR1N2_HUMAN 112 117 GldnCL 995 Q8NGS6|O13C3_HUMAN 108 113 GsteCL 996 Q8NGT2|O13J1_HUMAN 108 113 GsteCL 997 Q8NGT5|OR9A2_HUMAN 247 252 GygsCL 998 Q8NGT9|O2A42_HUMAN 107 112 GhseCL 999 Q8NGU2|OR9A4_HUMAN 251 256 GygsCL 1000 Q8NGZ9|O2T10_HUMAN 109 114 GaecCL 1001 Q8NH09|OR8S1_HUMAN 109 114 GteaCL 1002 Q8NH19|O10AG_HUMAN 99 104 GgteCL 1003 Q8NH40|OR6S1_HUMAN 66 71 GnlsCL 1004 Q8NHA8|OR1FC_HUMAN 50 55 GsdhCL 1005 Q8NHU2|CT026_HUMAN 158 163 GnipCL 1006 Q8NHU2|CT026_HUMAN 582 587 GfksCL 1007 Q8NHW6|OTOSP_HUMAN 8 13 GlalCL 1008 Q8NHX4|SPTA3_HUMAN 175 180 GsrsCL 1009 Q8NHY2|RFWD2_HUMAN 628 633 GkpyCL 1010 Q8NHY3|GA2L2_HUMAN 463 468 GpaeCL 1011 Q8TB24|RIN3_HUMAN 31 36 GmrlCL 1012 Q8TB24|RIN3_HUMAN 971 976 GsppCL 1013 Q8TCB7|METL6_HUMAN 89 94 GvgnCL 1014 Q8TCN5|ZN507_HUMAN 142 147 GmyrCL 1015 Q8TCT7|PSL1_HUMAN 262 267 GlysCL 1016 Q8TCT7|PSL1_HUMAN 329 334 GiafCL 1017 Q8TCT8|PSL2_HUMAN 321 326 GiafCL 1018 Q8TD26|CHD6_HUMAN 1627 1632 GnlcCL 1019 Q8TD43|TRPM4_HUMAN 238 243 GthgCL 1020 Q8TD43|TRPM4_HUMAN 306 311 GaadCL 1021 Q8TD43|TRPM4_HUMAN 650 655 GdatCL 1022 Q8TD43|TRPM4_HUMAN 764 769 GgrrCL 1023 Q8TDJ6|DMXL2_HUMAN 188 193 GkddCL 1024 Q8TDM6|DLG5_HUMAN 1672 1677 GvkdCL 1025 Q8TDN4|CABL1_HUMAN 135 140 GsgpCL 1026 Q8TDU6|GPBAR_HUMAN 81 86 GywsCL 1027 Q8TDU9|RL3R2_HUMAN 187 192 GvrlCL 1028 Q8TDV0|GP151_HUMAN 183 188 GvemCL 1029 Q8TDX9|PK1L1_HUMAN 317 322 GealCL 1030 Q8TDY2|RBCC1_HUMAN 897 902 GelvCL 1031 Q8TDZ2|MICA1_HUMAN 743 748 GhfyCL 1032 Q8TE49|OTU7A_HUMAN 206 211 GdgnCL 1033 Q8TE58|ATS15_HUMAN 418 423 GhgdCL 1034 Q8TE85|GRHL3_HUMAN 429 434 GvkgCL 1035 Q8TEM1|PO210_HUMAN 1489 1494 GdvlCL 1036 Q8TF62|AT8B4_HUMAN 282 287 GfliCL 1037 Q8TF76|HASP_HUMAN 190 195 GtsaCL 1038 Q8WTV0|SCRB1_HUMAN 319 324 GfcpCL 1039 Q8WUB8|PHF10_HUMAN 320 325 GhpsCL 1040 Q8WUM0|NU133_HUMAN 112 117 GgwaCL 1041 Q8WWQ8|STAB2_HUMAN 1358 1363 GngiCL 1042 Q8WWQ8|STAB2_HUMAN 2026 2031 GsgqCL 1043 Q8WWX0|ASB5_HUMAN 179 184 GhheCL 1044 Q8WWZ1|IL1FA_HUMAN 63 68 GgsrCL 1045 Q8WXI2|CNKR2_HUMAN 22 27 GlddCL 1046 Q8WXI7|MUC16_HUMAN 22110 22115 GlitCL 1047 Q8WXK4|ASB12_HUMAN 75 80 GhlsCL 1048 Q8WXS8|ATS14_HUMAN 489 494 GyqtCL 1049 Q8WXS8|ATS14_HUMAN 587 592 GgrpCL 1050 Q8WYB5|MYST4_HUMAN 244 249 GhpsCL 1051 Q8WYP5|AHTF1_HUMAN 112 117 GsvlCL 1052 Q8WYP5|AHTF1_HUMAN 318 323 GnrkCL 1053 Q8WYP5|AHTF1_HUMAN 526 531 GynrCL 1054 Q8WZ42|TITIN_HUMAN 4919 4924 GkytCL 1055 Q8WZ42|TITIN_HUMAN 5147 5152 GsavCL 1056 Q8WZ42|TITIN_HUMAN 7829 7834 GdysCL 1057 Q8WZ42|TITIN_HUMAN 16742 16747 GaqdCL 1058 Q8WZ42|TITIN_HUMAN 20237 20242 GtnvCL 1059 Q8WZ73|RFFL_HUMAN 81 86 GprlCL 1060 Q8WZ74|CTTB2_HUMAN 924 929 GfknCL 1061 Q92481|AP2B_HUMAN 379 384 GiqsCL 1062 Q92496|FHR4_HUMAN 130 135 GsitCL 1063 Q92520|FAM3C_HUMAN 82 87 GpkiCL 1064 Q92527|ANKR7_HUMAN 148 153 GeppCL 1065 Q92529|SHC3_HUMAN 581 586 GselCL 1066 Q92546|K0258_HUMAN 248 253 GtvaCL 1067 Q92583|CCL17_HUMAN 30 35 GrecCL 1068 Q92621|NU205_HUMAN 950 955 GfveCL 1069 Q92636|FAN_HUMAN 824 829 GtdgCL 1070 Q92673|SORL_HUMAN 1415 1420 GpstCL 1071 Q92750|TAF4B_HUMAN 410 415 GaaiCL 1072 Q92752|TENR_HUMAN 293 298 GqrqCL 1073 Q92782|DPF1_HUMAN 256 261 GhpsCL 1074 Q92783|STAM1_HUMAN 41 46 GpkdCL 1075 Q92785|REQU_HUMAN 302 307 GhpsCL 1076 Q92794|MYST3_HUMAN 237 242 GhpsCL 1077 Q92832|NELL1_HUMAN 618 623 GgfdCL 1078 Q92854|SEM4D_HUMAN 620 625 GvyqCL 1079 Q92900|RENT1_HUMAN 370 375 GdeiCL 1080 Q92932|PTPR2_HUMAN 35 40 GrlgCL 1081 Q92932|PTPR2_HUMAN 634 639 GliyCL 1082 Q92947|GCDH_HUMAN 285 290 GpfgCL 1083 Q92947|GCDH_HUMAN 346 351 GlhaCL 1084 Q92952|KCNN1_HUMAN 361 366 GkgvCL 1085 Q92956|TNR14_HUMAN 89 94 GlskCL 1086 Q92968|PEX13_HUMAN 216 221 GtvaCL 1087 Q93038|TNR25_HUMAN 66 71 GnstCL 1088 Q969L2|MAL2_HUMAN 37 42 GafvCL 1089 Q969P0|IGSF8_HUMAN 402 407 GtyrCL 1090 Q96A54|ADR1_HUMAN 179 184 GavlCL 1091 Q96AP0|ACD_HUMAN 269 274 GalvCL 1092 Q96AQ2|TM125_HUMAN 71 76 GtvlCL 1093 Q96B26|EXOS8_HUMAN 230 235 GklcCL 1094 Q96B86|RGMA_HUMAN 311 316 GlylCL 1095 Q96BD0|SO4A1_HUMAN 698 703 GletCL 1096 Q96CE8|T4S18_HUMAN 8 13 GclsCL 1097 Q96CW5|GCP3_HUMAN 190 195 GvgdCL 1098 Q96D59|RN183_HUMAN 95 100 GhqlCL 1099 Q96DN5|WDR67_HUMAN 52 57 GtgdCL 1100 Q96DZ5|CLR59_HUMAN 212 217 GaakCL 1101 Q96EP1|CHFR_HUMAN 528 533 GcygCL 1102 Q96EY5|F125A_HUMAN 51 56 GyflCL 1103 Q96EZ4|MYEOV_HUMAN 232 237 GrraCL 1104 Q96F46|I17RA_HUMAN 628 633 GsqaCL 1105 Q96GC6|ZN274_HUMAN 256 261 GttcCL 1106 Q96H40|ZN486_HUMAN 132 137 GlnqCL 1107 Q96H96|COQ2_HUMAN 172 177 GvllCL 1108 Q96I82|KAZD1_HUMAN 249 254 GtyrCL 1109 Q96IV0|NGLY1_HUMAN 70 75 GaveCL 1110 Q96IW7|SC22A_HUMAN 234 239 GtaaCL 1111 Q96J02|ITCH_HUMAN 160 165 GvslCL 1112 Q96J94|PIWL1_HUMAN 674 679 GlkvCL 1113 Q96JH7|VCIP1_HUMAN 215 220 GdghCL 1114 Q96JK2|WDR22_HUMAN 178 183 GepfCL 1115 Q96JT2|S45A3_HUMAN 27 32 GlevCL 1116 Q96JT2|S45A3_HUMAN 485 490 GrgiCL 1117 Q96K31|CH076_HUMAN 98 103 GqarCL 1118 Q96KC8|DNJC1_HUMAN 228 233 GiwfCL 1119 Q96KM6|K1196_HUMAN 782 787 GkyrCL 1120 Q96LC7|SIG10_HUMAN 373 378 GqslCL 1121 Q96LD4|TRI47_HUMAN 25 30 GhnfCL 1122 Q96LQ0|CN050_HUMAN 366 371 GeprCL 1123 Q96ME1|FXL18_HUMAN 352 357 GcvhCL 1124 Q96ME7|ZN512_HUMAN 320 325 GqpeCL 1125 Q96ME7|ZN512_HUMAN 438 443 GkykCL 1126 Q96MU7|YTDC1_HUMAN 485 490 GtqlCL 1127 Q96MU8|KREM1_HUMAN 53 58 GgkpCL 1128 Q96NL3|ZN599_HUMAN 373 378 GktfCL 1129 Q96NX9|DACH2_HUMAN 585 590 GnyyCL 1130 Q96P11|NSUN5_HUMAN 400 405 GaehCL 1131 Q96PH1|NOX5_HUMAN 272 277 GcgqCL 1132 Q96PL5|ERMAP_HUMAN 122 127 GsyrCL 1133 Q96PP9|GBP4_HUMAN 321 326 GavpCL 1134 Q96Q04|LMTK3_HUMAN 676 681 GacsCL 1135 Q96Q15|SMG1_HUMAN 2809 2814 GnvtCL 1136 Q96Q27|ASB2_HUMAN 101 106 GqvgCL 1137 Q96Q27|ASB2_HUMAN 135 140 GhldCL 1138 Q96Q91|B3A4_HUMAN 455 460 GaafCL 1139 Q96QG7|MTMR9_HUMAN 85 90 GmeeCL 1140 Q96QS1|TSN32_HUMAN 258 263 GpthCL 1141 Q96QU8|XPO6_HUMAN 413 418 GyfsCL 1142 Q96R30|OR2V2_HUMAN 103 108 GlfvCL 1143 Q96RV3|PCX1_HUMAN 696 701 GtvaCL 1144 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 677 682 GiygCL 1145 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 2546 2551 GrytCL 1146 Q96RW7|HMCN1_HUMAN 3595 3600 GrytCL 1147 Q96SM3|CPXM1_HUMAN 262 267 GgapCL 1148 Q96SQ9|CP2S1_HUMAN 436 441 GkrvCL 1149 Q96SU4|OSBL9_HUMAN 542 547 GcvsCL 1150 Q99250|SCN2A_HUMAN 955 960 GqtmCL 1151 Q99466|NOTC4_HUMAN 216 221 GsfqCL 1152 Q99466|NOTC4_HUMAN 375 380 GsfsCL 1153 Q99466|NOTC4_HUMAN 414 419 GstlCL 1154 Q99466|NOTC4_HUMAN 457 462 GsfnCL 1155 Q99466|NOTC4_HUMAN 609 614 GaffCL 1156 Q99466|NOTC4_HUMAN 787 792 GtfsCL 1157 Q99466|NOTC4_HUMAN 1121 1126 GgpdCL 1158 Q99466|NOTC4_HUMAN 1872 1877 GggaCL 1159 Q99558|M3K14_HUMAN 536 541 GhavCL 1160 Q99611|SPS2_HUMAN 373 378 GlliCL 1161 Q99678|GPR20_HUMAN 115 120 GargCL 1162 Q99741|CDC6_HUMAN 207 212 GktaCL 1163 Q99758|ABCA3_HUMAN 1590 1595 GqfkCL 1164 Q99797|PMIP_HUMAN 277 282 GqlkCL 1165 Q99848|EBP2_HUMAN 52 57 GlkqCL 1166 Q99867|TBB4Q_HUMAN 235 240 GvttCL 1167 Q99884|SC6A7_HUMAN 543 548 GllsCL 1168 Q99973|TEP1_HUMAN 1464 1469 GpfaCL 1169 Q99973|TEP1_HUMAN 1486 1491 GarlCL 1170 Q99973|TEP1_HUMAN 1720 1725 GisaCL 1171 Q99973|TEP1_HUMAN 2595 2600 GsvsCL 1172 Q99996|AKAP9_HUMAN 3063 3068 GllnCL 1173 Q9BQ08|RSNB_HUMAN 2 7 GpssCL 1174 Q9BQG2|NUD12_HUMAN 348 353 GmftCL 1175 Q9BQR3|PRS27_HUMAN 231 236 GplvCL 1176 Q9BQS2|SYT15_HUMAN 23 28 GascCL 1177 Q9BRB3|PIGQ_HUMAN 373 378 GlsaCL 1178 Q9BRP4|WDR71_HUMAN 206 211 GrsaCL 1179 Q9BRZ2|TRI56_HUMAN 343 348 GpapCL 1180 Q9BS86|ZPBP1_HUMAN 346 351 GaktCL 1181 Q9BT40|SKIP_HUMAN 131 136 GvniCL 1182 Q9BT51|CU122_HUMAN 6 11 GfshCL 1183 Q9BTF0|THUM2_HUMAN 407 412 GikkCL 1184 Q9BTX1|NDC1_HUMAN 310 315 GsdeCL 1185 Q9BUY5|ZN426_HUMAN 14 19 GdpvCL 1186 Q9BUY5|ZN426_HUMAN 430 435 GypsCL 1187 Q9BV38|WDR18_HUMAN 81 86 GpvtCL 1188 Q9BV38|WDR18_HUMAN 139 144 GgkdCL 1189 Q9BV73|CP250_HUMAN 806 811 GevrCL 1190 Q9BV99|LRC61_HUMAN 113 118 GqlqCL 1191 Q9BVA1|TBB2B_HUMAN 235 240 GvttCL 1192 Q9BVH7|SIA7E_HUMAN 8 13 GlavCL 1193 Q9BVK2|ALG8_HUMAN 361 366 GflrCL 1194 Q9BWT7|CAR10_HUMAN 916 921 GkkhCL 1195 Q9BWU0|NADAP_HUMAN 185 190 GtsyCL 1196 Q9BWU0|NADAP_HUMAN 196 201 GcdvCL 1197 Q9BWV1|BOC_HUMAN 1053 1058 GppcCL 1198 Q9BXC9|BBS2_HUMAN 26 31 GthpCL 1199 Q9BXL6|CAR14_HUMAN 850 855 GfkkCL 1200 Q9BXM7|PINK1_HUMAN 408 413 GgngCL 1201 Q9BXR0|TGT_HUMAN 50 55 GcriCL 1202 Q9BXS4|TMM59_HUMAN 229 234 GflrCL 1203 Q9BXT5|TEX15_HUMAN 1099 1104 GekkCL 1204 Q9BXU8|FHL17_HUMAN 78 83 GghiCL 1205 Q9BY15|EMR3_HUMAN 562 567 GctwCL 1206 Q9BY41|HDAC8_HUMAN 283 288 GigkCL 1207 Q9BYB4|GNB1L_HUMAN 163 168 GmpmCL 1208 Q9BYE0|HES7_HUMAN 95 100 GfreCL 1209 Q9BYJ1|LOXE3_HUMAN 309 314 GqdtCL 1210 Q9BYK8|PR285_HUMAN 1908 1913 GfslCL 1211 Q9BYT1|CT059_HUMAN 398 403 GswtCL 1212 Q9BYX4|IFIH1_HUMAN 265 270 GsvsCL 1213 Q9BZ11|ADA33_HUMAN 400 405 GggaCL 1214 Q9BZ76|CNTP3_HUMAN 509 514 GfqgCL 1215 Q9BZ76|CNTP3_HUMAN 1163 1168 GftgCL 1216 Q9BZC7|ABCA2_HUMAN 2262 2267 GrlrCL 1217 Q9BZF3|OSBL6_HUMAN 554 559 GrraCL 1218 Q9BZF9|UACA_HUMAN 79 84 GnleCL 1219 Q9BZF9|UACA_HUMAN 112 117 GhalCL 1220 Q9BZH6|BRWD2_HUMAN 79 84 GspyCL 1221 Q9BZS1|FOXP3_HUMAN 228 233 GraqCL 1222 Q9BZY9|TRI31_HUMAN 32 37 GhnfCL 1223 Q9BZZ2|SN_HUMAN 1507 1512 GmyhCL 1224 Q9C004|SPY4_HUMAN 197 202 GtcmCL 1225 Q9C0A0|CNTP4_HUMAN 1163 1168 GftgCL 1226 Q9C0C6|K1737_HUMAN 47 52 GsseCL 1227 Q9GZK3|OR2B2_HUMAN 108 113 GsteCL 1228 Q9GZR3|CFC1_HUMAN 144 149 GalhCL 1229 Q9GZY1|PBOV1_HUMAN 118 123 GlecCL 1230 Q9H013|ADA19_HUMAN 400 405 GggmCL 1231 Q9H093|NUAK2_HUMAN 587 592 GpgsCL 1232 Q9H0A0|NAT10_HUMAN 654 659 GrfpCL 1233 Q9H0B3|K1683_HUMAN 578 583 GkirCL 1234 Q9H0J9|PAR12_HUMAN 272 277 GdqiCL 1235 Q9H0M4|ZCPW1_HUMAN 249 254 GfgqCL 1236 Q9H172|ABCG4_HUMAN 588 593 GdltCL 1237 Q9H195|MUC3B_HUMAN 545 550 GqcaCL 1238 Q9H1B7|CN004_HUMAN 294 299 GgpaCL 1239 Q9H1D0|TRPV6_HUMAN 10 15 GlilCL 1240 Q9H1K4|GHC2_HUMAN 47 52 GmidCL 1241 Q9H1M3|DB129_HUMAN 23 28 GlrrCL 1242 Q9H1M4|DB127_HUMAN 50 55 GrycCL 1243 Q9H1P6|CT085_HUMAN 107 112 GlnkCL 1244 Q9H1R3|MYLK2_HUMAN 240 245 GqalCL 1245 Q9H1V8|S6A17_HUMAN 421 426 GldpCL 1246 Q9H221|ABCG8_HUMAN 421 426 GaeaCL 1247 Q9H228|EDG8_HUMAN 347 352 GlrrCL 1248 Q9H252|KCNH6_HUMAN 571 576 GfpeCL 1249 Q9H2D1|MFTC_HUMAN 64 69 GilhCL 1250 Q9H2G2|SLK_HUMAN 1208 1213 GeseCL 1251 Q9H2M9|RBGPR_HUMAN 387 392 GesiCL 1252 Q9H2S1|KCNN2_HUMAN 371 376 GkgvCL 1253 Q9H2X9|S12A5_HUMAN 602 607 GmslCL 1254 Q9H2Y7|ZF106_HUMAN 975 980 GegnCL 1255 Q9H324|ATS10_HUMAN 422 427 GlglCL 1256 Q9H324|ATS10_HUMAN 556 561 GgkyCL 1257 Q9H3D4|P73L_HUMAN 557 562 GcssCL 1258 Q9H3R1|NDST4_HUMAN 814 819 GktkCL 1259 Q9H4F1|SIA7D_HUMAN 29 34 GlplCL 1260 Q9H5U8|CX045_HUMAN 403 408 GfdsCL 1261 Q9H5V8|CDCP1_HUMAN 373 378 GcfvCL 1262 Q9H6E5|TUT1_HUMAN 15 20 GfrcCL 1263 Q9H6R4|NOL6_HUMAN 391 396 GislCL 1264 Q9H792|SG269_HUMAN 1661 1666 GilqCL 1265 Q9H7F0|AT133_HUMAN 109 114 GhavCL 1266 Q9H7M9|GI24_HUMAN 142 147 GlycCL 1267 Q9H808|TLE6_HUMAN 315 320 GpdaCL 1268 Q9H8X2|IPPK_HUMAN 110 115 GyamCL 1269 Q9H9S3|S61A2_HUMAN 143 148 GagiCL 1270 Q9HAF5|CO028_HUMAN 120 125 GvrmCL 1271 Q9HAS0|NJMU_HUMAN 123 128 GcyyCL 1272 Q9HAT1|LMA1L_HUMAN 8 13 GplfCL 1273 Q9HAV4|XPO5_HUMAN 266 271 GaaeCL 1274 Q9HAW7|UD17_HUMAN 510 515 GyrkCL 1275 Q9HAW8|UD110_HUMAN 510 515 GyrkCL 1276 Q9HAW9|UD18_HUMAN 510 515 GyrkCL 1277 Q9HBX8|LGR6_HUMAN 550 555 GvlgCL 1278 Q9HBZ2|ARNT2_HUMAN 295 300 GskyCL 1279 Q9HC07|TM165_HUMAN 138 143 GlmtCL 1280 Q9HC84|MUC5B_HUMAN 780 785 GklsCL 1281 Q9HC84|MUC5B_HUMAN 1281 1286 GlgaCL 1282 Q9HCC6|HES4_HUMAN 113 118 GfheCL 1283 Q9HCC9|ZFY28_HUMAN 555 560 GatnCL 1284 Q9HCE9|TM16H_HUMAN 541 546 GgrrCL 1285 Q9HCM2|PLXA4_HUMAN 990 995 GkqpCL 1286 Q9HCM4|E41L5_HUMAN 111 116 GspyCL 1287 Q9HCU4|CELR2_HUMAN 1308 1313 GgytCL 1288 Q9HCU4|CELR2_HUMAN 1757 1762 GfrgCL 1289 Q9HCU4|CELR2_HUMAN 1917 1922 GsptCL 1290 Q9NNW5|WDR6_HUMAN 460 465 GvvaCL 1291 Q9NP73|GT281_HUMAN 82 87 GagsCL 1292 Q9NP90|RAB9B_HUMAN 79 84 GadcCL 1293 Q9NPA1|KCMB3_HUMAN 121 126 GkypCL 1294 Q9NPA3|M1IP1_HUMAN 58 63 GsggCL 1295 Q9NPD7|NRN1_HUMAN 37 42 GfsdCL 1296 Q9NPF8|CENA2_HUMAN 41 46 GifiCL 1297 Q9NPG4|PCD12_HUMAN 807 812 GwdpCL 1298 Q9NPH5|NOX4_HUMAN 51 56 GlglCL 1299 Q9NQ25|SLAF7_HUMAN 3 8 GsptCL 1300 Q9NQ30|ESM1_HUMAN 125 130 GtgkCL 1301 Q9NQ75|CT032_HUMAN 50 55 GwwkCL 1302 Q9NQB0|TF7L2_HUMAN 492 497 GegsCL 1303 Q9NQQ7|S35C2_HUMAN 302 307 GfalCL 1304 Q9NQS5|GPR84_HUMAN 195 200 GifyCL 1305 Q9NQU5|PAK6_HUMAN 662 667 GlpeCL 1306 Q9NR09|BIRC6_HUMAN 511 516 GanpCL 1307 Q9NR61|DLL4_HUMAN 204 209 GnlsCL 1308 Q9NR63|CP26B_HUMAN 437 442 GvrtCL 1309 Q9NR81|ARHG3_HUMAN 203 208 GwlpCL 1310 Q9NR99|MXRA5_HUMAN 2414 2419 GnytCL 1311 Q9NRI5|DISC1_HUMAN 23 28 GsrdCL 1312 Q9NRX5|SERC1_HUMAN 19 24 GsapCL 1313 Q9NS15|LTBP3_HUMAN 846 851 GsyrCL 1314 Q9NS40|KCNH7_HUMAN 722 727 GfpeCL 1315 Q9NS62|THSD1_HUMAN 419 424 GislCL 1316 Q9NSD7|RL3R1_HUMAN 243 248 GeelCL 1317 Q9NSI6|BRWD1_HUMAN 204 209 GsddCL 1318 Q9NSN8|SNTG1_HUMAN 242 247 GiiqCL 1319 Q9NST1|ADPN_HUMAN 24 29 GatrCL 1320 Q9NST1|ADPN_HUMAN 97 102 GlckCL 1321 Q9NT68|TEN2_HUMAN 858 863 GlvdCL 1322 Q9NU22|MDN1_HUMAN 427 432 GrgdCL 1323 Q9NUB4|CT141_HUMAN 156 161 GlafCL 1324 Q9NUP1|CNO_HUMAN 67 72 GyaaCL 1325 Q9NVE7|PANK4_HUMAN 304 309 GqlaCL 1326 Q9NVG8|TBC13_HUMAN 38 43 GglrCL 1327 Q9NVX2|NLE1_HUMAN 474 479 GkdkCL 1328 Q9NW08|RPC2_HUMAN 765 770 GfgrCL 1329 Q9NWT1|PK1IP_HUMAN 83 88 GtitCL 1330 Q9NWU5|RM22_HUMAN 142 147 GrgqCL 1331 Q9NWZ3|IRAK4_HUMAN 255 260 GddlCL 1332 Q9NX02|NALP2_HUMAN 139 144 GnviCL 1333 Q9NXJ0|M4A12_HUMAN 106 111 GivlCL 1334 Q9NXR5|ANR10_HUMAN 69 74 GkleCL 1335 Q9NXR5|ANR10_HUMAN 103 108 GhpqCL 1336 Q9NXS3|BTBD5_HUMAN 293 298 GlfaCL 1337 Q9NXW9|ALKB4_HUMAN 19 24 GirtCL 1338 Q9NY15|STAB1_HUMAN 122 127 GhgtCL 1339 Q9NY15|STAB1_HUMAN 177 182 GdgsCL 1340 Q9NY15|STAB1_HUMAN 752 757 GngaCL 1341 Q9NY15|STAB1_HUMAN 1256 1261 GssrCL 1342 Q9NY15|STAB1_HUMAN 1991 1996 GsgqCL 1343 Q9NY15|STAB1_HUMAN 2250 2255 GfhlCL 1344 Q9NY33|DPP3_HUMAN 515 520 GlylCL 1345 Q9NY35|CLDND_HUMAN 213 218 GwsfCL 1346 Q9NY46|SCN3A_HUMAN 956 961 GqtmCL 1347 Q9NY91|SC5A4_HUMAN 507 512 GtgsCL 1348 Q9NY99|SNTG2_HUMAN 14 19 GrqgCL 1349 Q9NYJ7|DLL3_HUMAN 235 240 GecrCL 1350 Q9NYQ6|CELR1_HUMAN 168 173 GrpiCL 1351 Q9NYQ7|CELR3_HUMAN 2070 2075 GsdsCL 1352 Q9NYQ8|FAT2_HUMAN 3908 3913 GfegCL 1353 Q9NYQ8|FAT2_HUMAN 4285 4290 GggpCL 1354 Q9NYW6|TA2R3_HUMAN 104 109 GvlyCL 1355 Q9NZ56|FMN2_HUMAN 1694 1699 GkeqCL 1356 Q9NZ71|RTEL1_HUMAN 47 52 GktlCL 1357 Q9NZ94|NLGN3_HUMAN 19 24 GrslCL 1358 Q9NZH0|GPC5B_HUMAN 164 169 GlalCL 1359 Q9NZH7|IL1F8_HUMAN 68 73 GkdlCL 1360 Q9NZL3|ZN224_HUMAN 550 555 GwasCL 1361 Q9NZR2|LRP1B_HUMAN 866 871 GdddCL 1362 Q9NZR2|LRP1B_HUMAN 2987 2992 GtykCL 1363 Q9NZV5|SEPN1_HUMAN 273 278 GavaCL 1364 Q9P0K1|ADA22_HUMAN 429 434 GggaCL 1365 Q9P0K7|RAI14_HUMAN 64 69 GhveCL 1366 Q9P0L1|ZN167_HUMAN 617 622 GlskCL 1367 Q9P0M9|RM27_HUMAN 84 89 GknkCL 1368 Q9P0U3|SENP1_HUMAN 531 536 GvhwCL 1369 Q9P0X4|CAC1I_HUMAN 290 295 GrecCL 1370 Q9P203|BTBD7_HUMAN 265 270 GnqnCL 1371 Q9P255|ZN492_HUMAN 143 148 GlnqCL 1372 Q9P273|TEN3_HUMAN 142 147 GrssCL 1373 Q9P273|TEN3_HUMAN 1590 1595 GtngCL 1374 Q9P275|UBP36_HUMAN 824 829 GsetCL 1375 Q9P283|SEM5B_HUMAN 589 594 GgldCL 1376 Q9P283|SEM5B_HUMAN 887 892 GediCL 1377 Q9P298|HIG1B_HUMAN 34 39 GlggCL 1378 Q9P2B2|FPRP_HUMAN 844 849 GllsCL 1379 Q9P2C4|TM181_HUMAN 406 411 GerkCL 1380 Q9P2E3|ZNFX1_HUMAN 1162 1167 GqlfCL 1381 Q9P2I0|CPSF2_HUMAN 759 764 GlegCL 1382 Q9P2J9|PDP2_HUMAN 125 130 GvasCL 1383 Q9P2J9|PDP2_HUMAN 298 303 GmwsCL 1384 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 490 495 GygeCL 1385 Q9P2P6|STAR9_HUMAN 715 720 GeadCL 1386 Q9P2R3|ANFY1_HUMAN 720 725 GpggCL 1387 Q9P2R7|SUCB1_HUMAN 316 321 GnigCL 1388 Q9P2S2|NRX2A_HUMAN 1061 1066 GfqgCL 1389 Q9UBD9|CLCF1_HUMAN 10 15 GmlaCL 1390 Q9UBE0|ULE1A_HUMAN 338 343 GiveCL 1391 Q9UBG0|MRC2_HUMAN 50 55 GlqgCL 1392 Q9UBG0|MRC2_HUMAN 89 94 GtmqCL 1393 Q9UBG0|MRC2_HUMAN 938 943 GdqrCL 1394 Q9UBG7|RBPSL_HUMAN 56 61 GvrrCL 1395 Q9UBG7|RBPSL_HUMAN 326 331 GtylCL 1396 Q9UBH0|IL1F5_HUMAN 63 68 GgsqCL 1397 Q9UBM4|OPT_HUMAN 124 129 GlptCL 1398 Q9UBP5|HEY2_HUMAN 125 130 GfreCL 1399 Q9UBS8|RNF14_HUMAN 258 263 GqvqCL 1400 Q9UBY5|EDG7_HUMAN 37 42 GtffCL 1401 Q9UBY8|CLN8_HUMAN 145 150 GflgCL 1402 Q9UDX3|S14L4_HUMAN 250 255 GnpkCL 1403 Q9UDX3|S14L4_HUMAN 351 356 GsltCL 1404 Q9UDX4|S14L3_HUMAN 250 255 GnpkCL 1405 Q9UGF7|O12D3_HUMAN 62 67 GnlsCL 1406 Q9UGI6|KCNN3_HUMAN 525 530 GkgvCL 1407 Q9UGU5|HM2L1_HUMAN 567 572 GplaCL 1408 Q9UHA7|IL1F6_HUMAN 69 74 GlnlCL 1409 Q9UHC6|CNTP2_HUMAN 1174 1179 GftgCL 1410 Q9UHD0|IL19_HUMAN 24 29 GlrrCL 1411 Q9UHI8|ATS1_HUMAN 458 463 GhgeCL 1412 Q9UHW9|S12A6_HUMAN 687 692 GmsiCL 1413 Q9UHX3|EMR2_HUMAN 742 747 GctwCL 1414 Q9UIA9|XPO7_HUMAN 933 938 GccsCL 1415 Q9UIE0|ZN230_HUMAN 286 291 GksfCL 1416 Q9UIF8|BAZ2B_HUMAN 627 632 GmqwCL 1417 Q9UIF9|BAZ2A_HUMAN 1006 1011 GpeeCL 1418 Q9UIH9|KLF15_HUMAN 117 122 GehfCL 1419 Q9UIR0|BTNL2_HUMAN 337 342 GqyrCL 1420 Q9UK10|ZN225_HUMAN 466 471 GwasCL 1421 Q9UK11|ZN223_HUMAN 294 299 GksfCL 1422 Q9UK12|ZN222_HUMAN 263 268 GksfCL 1423 Q9UK13|ZN221_HUMAN 488 493 GwasCL 1424 Q9UK13|ZN221_HUMAN 572 577 GwasCL 1425 Q9UK99|FBX3_HUMAN 189 194 GlkyCL 1426 Q9UKB1|FBW1B_HUMAN 281 286 GsvlCL 1427 Q9UKP4|ATS7_HUMAN 443 448 GwglCL 1428 Q9UKP5|ATS6_HUMAN 545 550 GgkyCL 1429 Q9UKQ2|ADA28_HUMAN 500 505 GkghCL 1430 Q9UKU0|ACSL6_HUMAN 104 109 GngpCL 1431 Q9UL25|RAB21_HUMAN 121 126 GneiCL 1432 Q9ULB1|NRX1A_HUMAN 1048 1053 GfqgCL 1433 Q9ULL4|PLXB3_HUMAN 1191 1196 GrgeCL 1434 Q9ULV0|MYO5B_HUMAN 1496 1501 GtvpCL 1435 Q9UM47|NOTC3_HUMAN 1228 1233 GgfrCL 1436 Q9UM82|SPAT2_HUMAN 37 42 GsdeCL 1437 Q9UMF0|ICAM5_HUMAN 879 884 GeavCL 1438 Q9UMW8|UBP18_HUMAN 61 66 GqtcCL 1439 Q9UNA0|ATS5_HUMAN 467 472 GhgnCL 1440 Q9UNA0|ATS5_HUMAN 525 530 GqmvCL 1441 Q9UNI1|ELA1_HUMAN 208 213 GplhCL 1442 Q9UP79|ATS8_HUMAN 421 426 GhgdCL 1443 Q9UP79|ATS8_HUMAN 562 567 GgryCL 1444 Q9UP95|S12A4_HUMAN 622 627 GmslCL 1445 Q9UPA5|BSN_HUMAN 1765 1770 GspvCL 1446 Q9UPZ6|THS7A_HUMAN 881 886 GiheCL 1447 Q9UQ05|KCNH4_HUMAN 213 218 GgsrCL 1448 Q9UQ49|NEUR3_HUMAN 380 385 GlfgCL 1449 Q9UQ52|CNTN6_HUMAN 96 101 GmyqCL 1450 Q9UQD0|SCN8A_HUMAN 949 954 GqamCL 1451 Q9Y219|JAG2_HUMAN 907 912 GwkpCL 1452 Q9Y236|OSGI2_HUMAN 480 485 GvtrCL 1453 Q9Y263|PLAP_HUMAN 721 726 GkaqCL 1454 Q9Y278|OST2_HUMAN 51 56 GaprCL 1455 Q9Y297|FBW1A_HUMAN 344 349 GsvlCL 1456 Q9Y2H6|FNDC3_HUMAN 790 795 GivtCL 1457 Q9Y2L6|FRM4B_HUMAN 871 876 GsqrCL 1458 Q9Y2P5|S27A5_HUMAN 345 350 GilgCL 1459 Q9Y2P5|S27A5_HUMAN 452 457 GkmsCL 1460 Q9Y2Q1|ZN257_HUMAN 132 137 GlnqCL 1461 Q9Y2T5|GPR52_HUMAN 205 210 GfivCL 1462 Q9Y385|UB2J1_HUMAN 87 92 GkkiCL 1463 Q9Y3B6|CN122_HUMAN 38 43 GeclCL 1464 Q9Y3C8|UFC1_HUMAN 112 117 GgkiCL 1465 Q9Y3I1|FBX7_HUMAN 71 76 GdliCL 1466 Q9Y3N9|OR2W1_HUMAN 108 113 GsveCL 1467 Q9Y3R4|NEUR2_HUMAN 160 165 GpghCL 1468 Q9Y3S2|ZN330_HUMAN 182 187 GqhsCL 1469 Q9Y485|DMXL1_HUMAN 187 192 GkddCL 1470 Q9Y485|DMXL1_HUMAN 2862 2867 XrnvCL 1471 Q9Y493|ZAN_HUMAN 1152 1157 GtatCL 1472 Q9Y4C0|NRX3A_HUMAN 1014 1019 GfqgCL 1473 Q9Y4F1|FARP1_HUMAN 820 825 GvphCL 1474 Q9Y4K1|AIM1_HUMAN 1473 1478 GhypCL 1475 Q9Y4W6|AFG32_HUMAN 31 36 GeqpCL 1476 Q9Y535|RPC8_HUMAN 43 48 GlciCL 1477 Q9Y561|LRP12_HUMAN 241 246 GnidCL 1478 Q9Y574|ASB4_HUMAN 86 91 GhveCL 1479 Q9Y575|ASB3_HUMAN 291 296 GhedCL 1480 Q9Y5F7|PCDGL_HUMAN 729 734 GtcaCL 1481 Q9Y5J3|HEY1_HUMAN 126 131 GfreCL 1482 Q9Y5N5|HEMK2_HUMAN 45 50 GveiCL 1483 Q9Y5Q5|CORIN_HUMAN 424 429 GdqrCL 1484 Q9Y5R5|DMRT2_HUMAN 130 135 GvvsCL 1485 Q9Y5R6|DMRT1_HUMAN 153 158 GsnpCL 1486 Q9Y5S2|MRCKB_HUMAN 1374 1379 GsvqCL 1487 Q9Y5W8|SNX13_HUMAN 73 78 GvpkCL 1488 Q9Y616|IRAK3_HUMAN 395 400 GldsCL 1489 Q9Y644|RFNG_HUMAN 203 208 GagfCL 1490 Q9Y662|OST3B_HUMAN 7 12 GgrsCL 1491 Q9Y666|S12A7_HUMAN 622 627 GmslCL 1492 Q9Y6H5|SNCAP_HUMAN 361 366 GhaeCL 1493 Q9Y6I4|UBP3_HUMAN 449 454 GpesCL 1494 Q9Y6N6|LAMC3_HUMAN 885 890 GqcsCL 1495 Q9Y6R1|S4A4_HUMAN 512 517 GaifCL 1496 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 1661 1666 GqgvCL 1497 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 2388 2393 GqcgCL 1498 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 2862 2867 GqgvCL 1499 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 3589 3594 GqcgCL 1500 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 4063 4068 GqgvCL 1501 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 4790 4795 GqcgCL 1502 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 4852 4857 GcgrCL 1503 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 5032 5037 GcpvCL

These peptides are likely to have anti-angiogenic activity. Methods for testing for such activity are described herein.

Example 4 Collagen Derived Peptides

The same procedure as used for the C-X-C chemokines can be repeated for the case of the collagen related fragments. Because the number of the experimentally tested peptides is small in the calculation, all the theoretically predicted fragments are considered. Both the short and long predicted fragments are introduced. Two predominant motifs were calculated. One of them is the most abundant and is characterized by a conserved 4-amino acid repeat. It can be described by the following generic sequence: C-N-X3-V-C (SEQ ID NO: 2288) (FIG. 6A). This motif can be localized either upstream or downstream of the peptide sequence. If the peptides are separated according to the location of the C-N-X3-V-C motif (SEQ ID NO: 2288), it can be either near the amino or carboxy terminal of the peptide. This provides for the identification of a set of two more definitive motifs (FIGS. 6B and 6C). The 4-letter motif appears upstream is the C-N-X3-V-C-X2-A-X-R-N-D-X-S-Y-W-L (SEQ ID NO: 2315) (FIG. 6B), whereas the motif that appears downstream is the L-X2-F-S-T-X-P-F-X2-C-N-X3-V-C (SEQ ID NO: 2316) (FIG. 6C).

Apart from the aforementioned 7-mer there is another motif that is present in a smaller subset of collagen derived peptides. Those peptides do not include the C-N-X3-V-C (SEQ ID NO: 2288). This motif is described by the generic sequence X2-P-F-X-E-C-X-G-X8-A-N (SEQ ID NO: 2317). Common modifications can be described by the sequence X2-P-F-(I/L)-E-C-X-G-X-(R/G)-X-(Y/F)-(Y/F)-A-N (SEQ ID NO: 2318) (FIG. 7).

If only the short identified anti-angiogenic fragments are considered then the multiple alignment algorithm may be used to identify motifs present only within this subset of the peptides. The alignment is shown in FIG. 8. These motifs are similar to those identified herein. A more generic 3-common letter motif, the P-F-X2-C motif can be distinguished.

In the case of collagens two generic motifs were identified. The first one is the C-N-X3-V-C (SEQ ID NO: 2288). Using this motif as a query and scanning the Prosite database 24 hits in 24 different proteins were identified. These candidate anti-angiogenic peptides are listed in Table 5 (SEQ ID NO: 1504-1527).

TABLE 5 Collagens Motif: C-N-X(3)-V-C (SEQ ID NO: 2288) Number of Locations: 24 Number of Different Proteins: 24 First Last Accession Amino Amino # Number|Protein Name acid acid Sequence 1504 O14514|BAI1_HUMAN 400 406 CNnsaVC 1505 O75093|SLIT1_HUMAN 507 513 CNsdvVC 1506 O75534|CSDE1_HUMAN 733 739 CNvwrVC 1507 P02462|CO4A1_HUMAN 1505 1511 CNinnVC 1508 P08572|CO4A2_HUMAN 1549 1555 CNpgdVC 1509 P09758|TACD2_HUMAN 119 125 CNqtsVC 1510 P25391|LAMA1_HUMAN 751 757 CNvhgVC 1511 P29400|CO4A5_HUMAN 1521 1527 CNinnVC 1512 P53420|CO4A4_HUMAN 1525 1531 CNihqVC 1513 P83110|HTRA3_HUMAN 48 54 CNcclVC 1514 Q01955|CO4A3_HUMAN 1505 1511 CNvndVC 1515 Q13625|ASPP2_HUMAN 1002 1008 CNnvqVC 1516 Q13751|LAMB3_HUMAN 572 578 CNrypVC 1517 Q14031|CO4A6_HUMAN 1527 1533 CNineVC 1518 Q8WWQ8|STAB2_HUMAN 1970 1976 CNnrgVC 1519 Q96GX1|TECT2_HUMAN 642 648 CNrneVC 1520 Q99965|ADAM2_HUMAN 621 627 CNdrgVC 1521 Q9BX93|PG12B_HUMAN 112 118 CNqldVC 1522 Q9BYD5|CNFN_HUMAN 32 38 CNdmpVC 1523 Q9H013|ADA19_HUMAN 659 665 CNghgVC 1524 Q9HBG6|IF122_HUMAN 436 442 CNllvVC 1525 Q9P2R7|SUCB1_HUMAN 152 158 CNqvlVC 1526 Q9UBX1|CATF_HUMAN 89 95 CNdpmVC 1527 Q9UKF2|ADA30_HUMAN 638 644 CNtrgVC

The second motif is the P-F-X2-C. Again using this motif as a query at the Prosite 306 locations that contain the specific amino acid sequence were identified in 288 different proteins. The hits included peptides shown in Table 6 (SEQ ID Nos: 1528-1833).

TABLE 6 Collagens Motif: P-F-X2-C Number of Locations: 306 Number of Different Proteins: 288 First Last Accession Amino Amino # Number|Protein Name acid acid Sequence 1528 O00116|ADAS_HUMAN 561 565 PFstC 1529 O00182|LEG9_HUMAN 98 102 PFdlC 1530 O00206|TLR4_HUMAN 702 706 PFqlC 1531 O00270|GPR31_HUMAN 2 6 PFpnC 1532 O00398|P2Y10_HUMAN 288 292 PFclC 1533 O00507|USP9Y_HUMAN 259 263 PFgqC 1534 O14646|CHD1_HUMAN 450 454 PFkdC 1535 O14843|FFAR3_HUMAN 84 88 PFilC 1536 O14978|ZN263_HUMAN 547 551 PFseC 1537 O15015|ZN646_HUMAN 880 884 PFlcC 1538 O15031|PLXB2_HUMAN 611 615 PFydC 1539 O15037|K0323_HUMAN 423 427 PFtlC 1540 O15453|NBR2_HUMAN 9 13 PFlpC 1541 O15529|GPR42_HUMAN 84 88 PFilC 1542 O43556|SGCE_HUMAN 207 211 PFssC 1543 O60299|K0552_HUMAN 308 312 PFaaC 1544 O60343|TBCD4_HUMAN 89 93 PFlrC 1545 O60431|OR1I1_HUMAN 93 97 PFvgC 1546 O60449|LY75_HUMAN 1250 1254 PFqnC 1547 O60481|ZIC3_HUMAN 331 335 PFpgC 1548 O60486|PLXC1_HUMAN 618 622 PFtaC 1549 O60494|CUBN_HUMAN 3302 3306 PFsiC 1550 O60603|TLR2_HUMAN 669 673 PFklC 1551 O60656|UD19_HUMAN 149 153 PFdnC 1552 O60706|ABCC9_HUMAN 627 631 PFesC 1553 O75152|ZC11A_HUMAN 23 27 PFrhC 1554 O75197|LRP5_HUMAN 317 321 PFytC 1555 O75419|CC45L_HUMAN 444 448 PFlyC 1556 O75473|LGR5_HUMAN 547 551 PFkpC 1557 O75478|TAD2L_HUMAN 38 42 PFflC 1558 O75581|LRP6_HUMAN 304 308 PFyqC 1559 O75794|CD123_HUMAN 147 151 PFihC 1560 O75882|ATRN_HUMAN 969 973 PFgqC 1561 O76031|CLPX_HUMAN 313 317 PFaiC 1562 O95006|OR2F2_HUMAN 93 97 PFqsC 1563 O95007|OR6B1_HUMAN 285 289 PFiyC 1564 O95149|SPN1_HUMAN 195 199 PFydC 1565 O95202|LETM1_HUMAN 51 55 PFgcC 1566 O95409|ZIC2_HUMAN 336 340 PFpgC 1567 O95450|ATS2_HUMAN 569 573 PFgsC 1568 O95759|TBCD8_HUMAN 67 71 PFsrC 1569 O95841|ANGL1_HUMAN 276 280 PFkdC 1570 O95886|DLGP3_HUMAN 98 102 PFdtC 1571 P02461|CO3A1_HUMAN 80 84 PFgeC 1572 P02462|CO4A1_HUMAN 1501 1505 PFlfC 1573 P02462|CO4A1_HUMAN 1612 1616 PFieC 1574 P08151|GLI1_HUMAN 173 177 PFptC 1575 P08572|CO4A2_HUMAN 1545 1549 PFlyC 1576 P08572|CO4A2_HUMAN 1654 1658 PFieC 1577 P08581|MET_HUMAN 534 538 PFvqC 1578 P09172|DOPO_HUMAN 136 140 PFgtC 1579 P0C0L4|CO4A_HUMAN 731 735 PFlsC 1580 P0C0L5|CO4B_HUMAN 731 735 PFlsC 1581 P15309|PPAP_HUMAN 157 161 PFrnC 1582 P17021|ZNF17_HUMAN 350 354 PFycC 1583 P18084|ITB5_HUMAN 546 550 PFceC 1584 P20645|MPRD_HUMAN 3 7 PFysC 1585 P20851|C4BB_HUMAN 130 134 PFpiC 1586 P20933|ASPG_HUMAN 13 17 PFllC 1587 P21673|SAT1_HUMAN 50 54 PFyhC 1588 P21854|CD72_HUMAN 222 226 PFftC 1589 P22309|UD11_HUMAN 152 156 PFlpC 1590 P22362|CCL1_HUMAN 29 33 PFsrC 1591 P22681|CBL_HUMAN 417 421 PFcrC 1592 P23942|RDS_HUMAN 210 214 PFscC 1593 P24043|LAMA2_HUMAN 2679 2683 PFegC 1594 P24043|LAMA2_HUMAN 3083 3087 PFrgC 1595 P24903|CP2F1_HUMAN 483 487 PFqlC 1596 P25098|ARBK1_HUMAN 252 256 PFivC 1597 P25490|TYY1_HUMAN 386 390 PFdgC 1598 P25929|NPY1R_HUMAN 117 121 PFvqC 1599 P26718|NKG2D_HUMAN 52 56 PFffC 1600 P26927|HGFL_HUMAN 439 443 PFdyC 1601 P27987|IP3KB_HUMAN 869 873 PFfkC 1602 P29400|CO4A5_HUMAN 1517 1521 PFmfC 1603 P29400|CO4A5_HUMAN 1628 1632 PFieC 1604 P34896|GLYC_HUMAN 244 248 PFehC 1605 P35504|UD15_HUMAN 153 157 PFhlC 1606 P35523|CLCN1_HUMAN 26 30 PFehC 1607 P35626|ARBK2_HUMAN 252 256 PFivC 1608 P36383|CXA7_HUMAN 205 209 PFyvC 1609 P36508|ZNF76_HUMAN 258 262 PFegC 1610 P36509|UD12_HUMAN 149 153 PFdnC 1611 P36894|BMR1A_HUMAN 57 61 PFlkC 1612 P41180|CASR_HUMAN 538 542 PFsnC 1613 P42338|PK3CB_HUMAN 650 654 PFldC 1614 P42575|CASP2_HUMAN 141 145 PFpvC 1615 P45974|UBP5_HUMAN 528 532 PFssC 1616 P46531|NOTC1_HUMAN 1411 1415 PFyrC 1617 P48637|GSHB_HUMAN 405 409 PFenC 1618 P49257|LMAN1_HUMAN 471 475 PFpsC 1619 P49888|ST1E1_HUMAN 79 83 PFleC 1620 P50052|AGTR2_HUMAN 315 319 PFlyC 1621 P50876|UB7I4_HUMAN 273 277 PFvlC 1622 P51606|RENBP_HUMAN 376 380 PFkgC 1623 P51617|IRAK1_HUMAN 195 199 PFpfC 1624 P51689|ARSD_HUMAN 581 585 PFcsC 1625 P51690|ARSE_HUMAN 576 580 PFplC 1626 P52740|ZN132_HUMAN 369 373 PFecC 1627 P52747|ZN143_HUMAN 318 322 PFegC 1628 P53420|CO4A4_HUMAN 1521 1525 PFayC 1629 P53420|CO4A4_HUMAN 1630 1634 PFleC 1630 P53621|COPA_HUMAN 1165 1169 PFdiC 1631 P54198|HIRA_HUMAN 215 219 PFdeC 1632 P54793|ARSF_HUMAN 570 574 PFclC 1633 P54802|ANAG_HUMAN 401 405 PFiwC 1634 P55157|MTP_HUMAN 823 827 PFlvC 1635 P62079|TSN5_HUMAN 183 187 PFscC 1636 P78357|CNTP1_HUMAN 926 930 PFvgC 1637 P78527|PRKDC_HUMAN 2853 2857 PFvsC 1638 P81133|SIM1_HUMAN 200 204 PFdgC 1639 P98088|MUC5A_HUMAN 290 294 PFkmC 1640 Q01955|CO4A3_HUMAN 1501 1505 PFlfC 1641 Q01955|CO4A3_HUMAN 1612 1616 PFleC 1642 Q02817|MUC2_HUMAN 597 601 PFgrC 1643 Q02817|MUC2_HUMAN 1375 1379 PFglC 1644 Q02817|MUC2_HUMAN 4916 4920 PFywC 1645 Q03395|ROM1_HUMAN 213 217 PFscC 1646 Q07912|ACK1_HUMAN 293 297 PFawC 1647 Q12830|BPTF_HUMAN 2873 2877 PFyqC 1648 Q12836|ZP4_HUMAN 238 242 PFtsC 1649 Q12866|MERTK_HUMAN 313 317 PFrnC 1650 Q12950|FOXD4_HUMAN 291 295 PFpcC 1651 Q12968|NFAC3_HUMAN 327 331 PFqyC 1652 Q13191|CBLB_HUMAN 409 413 PFcrC 1653 Q13258|PD2R_HUMAN 4 8 PFyrC 1654 Q13356|PPIL2_HUMAN 38 42 PFdhC 1655 Q13607|OR2F1_HUMAN 93 97 PFqsC 1656 Q13753|LAMC2_HUMAN 409 413 PFgtC 1657 Q13936|CAC1C_HUMAN 2179 2183 PFvnC 1658 Q14031|CO4A6_HUMAN 1523 1527 PFiyC 1659 Q14031|CO4A6_HUMAN 1632 1636 PFieC 1660 Q14137|BOP1_HUMAN 400 404 PFptC 1661 Q14330|GPR18_HUMAN 247 251 PFhiC 1662 Q14643|ITPR1_HUMAN 526 530 PFtdC 1663 Q15042|RB3GP_HUMAN 267 271 PFgaC 1664 Q15389|ANGP1_HUMAN 282 286 PFrdC 1665 Q15583|TGIF_HUMAN 269 273 PFhsC 1666 Q15583|TGIF_HUMAN 314 318 PFslC 1667 Q15761|NPY5R_HUMAN 128 132 PFlqC 1668 Q15915|ZIC1_HUMAN 305 309 PFpgC 1669 Q16363|LAMA4_HUMAN 1788 1792 PFtgC 1670 Q16572|VACHT_HUMAN 517 521 PFdeC 1671 Q16586|SGCA_HUMAN 205 209 PFstC 1672 Q16773|KAT1_HUMAN 123 127 PFfdC 1673 Q16878|CDO1_HUMAN 160 164 PFdtC 1674 Q2TBC4|CF049_HUMAN 298 302 PFstC 1675 Q49AM1|MTER3_HUMAN 28 32 PFlaC 1676 Q53FE4|CD017_HUMAN 77 81 PFanC 1677 Q53G59|KLH12_HUMAN 240 244 PFirC 1678 Q53T03|RBP22_HUMAN 517 521 PFpvC 1679 Q5IJ48|CRUM2_HUMAN 762 766 PFrgC 1680 Q5T442|CXA12_HUMAN 241 245 PFfpC 1681 Q5VYX0|RENAL_HUMAN 310 314 PFlaC 1682 Q5W0N0|CI057_HUMAN 89 93 PFhgC 1683 Q6NSW7|NANP8_HUMAN 239 243 PFynC 1684 Q6P2Q9|PRP8_HUMAN 1892 1896 PFqaC 1685 Q6PRD1|GP179_HUMAN 232 236 PFleC 1686 Q6TCH4|PAQR6_HUMAN 95 99 PFasC 1687 Q6UB98|ANR12_HUMAN 1949 1953 PFsaC 1688 Q6UB99|ANR11_HUMAN 2552 2556 PFsaC 1689 Q6UXZ4|UNC5D_HUMAN 766 770 PFtaC 1690 Q7Z434|MAVS_HUMAN 431 435 PFsgC 1691 Q7Z6J6|FRMD5_HUMAN 87 91 PFtmC 1692 Q7Z7G8|VP13B_HUMAN 441 445 PFfdC 1693 Q7Z7G8|VP13B_HUMAN 1423 1427 PFrnC 1694 Q7Z7M1|GP144_HUMAN 352 356 PFlcC 1695 Q86SJ6|DSG4_HUMAN 523 527 PFtfC 1696 Q86SQ6|GP123_HUMAN 863 867 PFiiC 1697 Q86T65|DAAM2_HUMAN 548 552 PFacC 1698 Q86V97|KBTB6_HUMAN 355 359 PFlcC 1699 Q86XI2|CNDG2_HUMAN 1043 1047 PFsrC 1700 Q86YT6|MIB1_HUMAN 909 913 PFimC 1701 Q8IUH2|CREG2_HUMAN 152 156 PFgnC 1702 Q8IWU5|SULF2_HUMAN 745 749 PFcaC 1703 Q8IWV8|UBR2_HUMAN 1514 1518 PFlkC 1704 Q8IWX5|SGPP2_HUMAN 257 261 PFflC 1705 Q8IX07|FOG1_HUMAN 293 297 PFpqC 1706 Q8IX29|FBX16_HUMAN 287 291 PFplC 1707 Q8IXT2|DMRTD_HUMAN 224 228 PFttC 1708 Q8IZF5|GP113_HUMAN 62 66 PFpaC 1709 Q8IZQ8|MYCD_HUMAN 403 407 PFqdC 1710 Q8IZW8|TENS4_HUMAN 423 427 PFttC 1711 Q8N0W3|FUK_HUMAN 100 104 PFddC 1712 Q8N122|RPTOR_HUMAN 1033 1037 PFtpC 1713 Q8N1G1|REXO1_HUMAN 278 282 PFgsC 1714 Q8N1G2|K0082_HUMAN 790 794 PFhiC 1715 Q8N201|INT1_HUMAN 1573 1577 PFpaC 1716 Q8N475|FSTL5_HUMAN 61 65 PFgsC 1717 Q8N567|ZCHC9_HUMAN 182 186 PFakC 1718 Q8N7R0|NANG2_HUMAN 166 170 PFynC 1719 Q8N8U9|BMPER_HUMAN 234 238 PFgsC 1720 Q8N9L1|ZIC4_HUMAN 207 211 PFpgC 1721 Q8NB16|MLKL_HUMAN 411 415 PFqgC 1722 Q8NG11|TSN14_HUMAN 183 187 PFscC 1723 Q8NGC3|O10G2_HUMAN 98 102 PFggC 1724 Q8NGC4|O10G3_HUMAN 94 98 PFggC 1725 Q8NGJ1|OR4D6_HUMAN 165 169 PFpfC 1726 Q8NH69|OR5W2_HUMAN 93 97 PFygC 1727 Q8NH85|OR5R1_HUMAN 93 97 PFhaC 1728 Q8NHU2|CT026_HUMAN 442 446 PFntC 1729 Q8NHY3|GA2L2_HUMAN 359 363 PFlrC 1730 Q8NI51|BORIS_HUMAN 369 373 PFqcC 1731 Q8TCB0|IFI44_HUMAN 246 250 PFilC 1732 Q8TCE9|PPL13_HUMAN 88 92 PFelC 1733 Q8TCT7|PSL1_HUMAN 275 279 PFgkC 1734 Q8TD94|KLF14_HUMAN 198 202 PFpgC 1735 Q8TF76|HASP_HUMAN 474 478 PFshC 1736 Q8WW14|CJ082_HUMAN 22 26 PFlsC 1737 Q8WW38|FOG2_HUMAN 299 303 PFpqC 1738 Q8WWG1|NRG4_HUMAN 32 36 PFcrC 1739 Q8WWZ7|ABCA5_HUMAN 361 365 PFchC 1740 Q8WXT5|FX4L4_HUMAN 295 299 PFpcC 1741 Q8WYR1|PI3R5_HUMAN 814 818 PFavC 1742 Q8WZ42|TITIN_HUMAN 31091 31095 PFpiC 1743 Q8WZ60|KLHL6_HUMAN 432 436 PFhnC 1744 Q92485|ASM3B_HUMAN 41 45 PFqvC 1745 Q92793|CBP_HUMAN 1279 1283 PFvdC 1746 Q92838|EDA_HUMAN 328 332 PFlqC 1747 Q92995|UBP13_HUMAN 540 544 PFsaC 1748 Q93008|USP9X_HUMAN 251 255 PFgqC 1749 Q96F10|SAT2_HUMAN 50 54 PFyhC 1750 Q96FV3|TSN17_HUMAN 185 189 PFscC 1751 Q96IK0|TM101_HUMAN 27 31 PFwgC 1752 Q96L50|LLR1_HUMAN 344 348 PFhlC 1753 Q96L73|NSD1_HUMAN 456 460 PFedC 1754 Q96P88|GNRR2_HUMAN 184 188 PFtqC 1755 Q96PZ7|CSMD1_HUMAN 2139 2143 PFprC 1756 Q96R06|SPAG5_HUMAN 378 382 PFstC 1757 Q96RG2|PASK_HUMAN 542 546 PFasC 1758 Q96RJ0|TAAR1_HUMAN 266 270 PFfiC 1759 Q96RQ9|OXLA_HUMAN 32 36 PFekC 1760 Q96SE7|ZN347_HUMAN 798 802 PFsiC 1761 Q96T25|ZIC5_HUMAN 470 474 PFpgC 1762 Q99666|RGPD8_HUMAN 517 521 PFpvC 1763 Q99698|LYST_HUMAN 254 258 PFdlC 1764 Q99726|ZNT3_HUMAN 51 55 PFhhC 1765 Q9BSE5|SPEB_HUMAN 204 208 PFrrC 1766 Q9BWQ6|YIPF2_HUMAN 124 128 PFwiC 1767 Q9BXC9|BBS2_HUMAN 530 534 PFqvC 1768 Q9BXJ4|C1QT3_HUMAN 18 22 PFclC 1769 Q9BXK1|KLF16_HUMAN 130 134 PFpdC 1770 Q9BZE2|PUS3_HUMAN 261 265 PFqlC 1771 Q9C0C4|SEM4C_HUMAN 719 723 PFrpC 1772 Q9C0E2|XPO4_HUMAN 50 54 PFavC 1773 Q9C0I4|THS7B_HUMAN 1482 1486 PFsyC 1774 Q9GZN6|S6A16_HUMAN 271 275 PFflC 1775 Q9GZU2|PEG3_HUMAN 1330 1334 PFyeC 1776 Q9GZZ0|HXD1_HUMAN 162 166 PFpaC 1777 Q9H0A6|RNF32_HUMAN 344 348 PFhaC 1778 Q9H0B3|K1683_HUMAN 326 330 PFqiC 1779 Q9H267|VP33B_HUMAN 189 193 PFpnC 1780 Q9H2J1|CI037_HUMAN 102 106 PFekC 1781 Q9H3H5|GPT_HUMAN 77 81 PFlnC 1782 Q9H8V3|ECT2_HUMAN 239 243 PFqdC 1783 Q9H9S0|NANOG_HUMAN 239 243 PFynC 1784 Q9H9V4|RN122_HUMAN 3 7 PFqwC 1785 Q9HAQ2|KIF9_HUMAN 291 295 PFrqC 1786 Q9HAW7|UD17_HUMAN 149 153 PFdaC 1787 Q9HAW8|UD110_HUMAN 149 153 PFdtC 1788 Q9HAW9|UD18_HUMAN 149 153 PFdaC 1789 Q9HBX8|LGR6_HUMAN 412 416 PFkpC 1790 Q9NQW8|CNGB3_HUMAN 309 313 PFdiC 1791 Q9NRZ9|HELLS_HUMAN 273 277 PFlvC 1792 Q9NTG7|SIRT3_HUMAN 30 34 PFqaC 1793 Q9NWZ5|UCKL1_HUMAN 370 374 PFqdC 1794 Q9NY30|BTG4_HUMAN 98 102 PFevC 1795 Q9NYM4|GPR83_HUMAN 342 346 PFiyC 1796 Q9NYV6|RRN3_HUMAN 561 565 PFdpC 1797 Q9NYW1|TA2R9_HUMAN 190 194 PFilC 1798 Q9NYW3|TA2R7_HUMAN 193 197 PFcvC 1799 Q9NZ56|FMN2_HUMAN 716 720 PFsdC 1800 Q9NZ71|RTEL1_HUMAN 495 499 PFpvC 1801 Q9NZD2|GLTP_HUMAN 31 35 PFfdC 1802 Q9P2N4|ATS9_HUMAN 596 600 PFgtC 1803 Q9UBR1|BUP1_HUMAN 124 128 PFafC 1804 Q9UBS0|KS6B2_HUMAN 344 348 PFrpC 1805 Q9UET6|RRMJ1_HUMAN 234 238 PFvtC 1806 Q9UHD4|CIDEB_HUMAN 37 41 PFrvC 1807 Q9UKA4|AKA11_HUMAN 917 921 PFshC 1808 Q9ULC3|RAB23_HUMAN 230 234 PFssC 1809 Q9ULJ3|ZN295_HUMAN 125 129 PFptC 1810 Q9ULK4|CRSP3_HUMAN 1086 1090 PFpnC 1811 Q9ULL4|PLXB3_HUMAN 24 28 PFglC 1812 Q9ULV8|CBLC_HUMAN 387 391 PFcrC 1813 Q9UM47|NOTC3_HUMAN 1357 1361 PFfrC 1814 Q9UNQ2|DIMT1_HUMAN 146 150 PFfrC 1815 Q9Y3D5|RT18C_HUMAN 86 90 PFtgC 1816 Q9Y3F1|TA6P_HUMAN 25 29 PFpsC 1817 Q9Y3R5|CU005_HUMAN 255 259 PFytC 1818 Q9Y450|HBS1L_HUMAN 487 491 PFrlC 1819 Q9Y493|ZAN_HUMAN 1364 1368 PFetC 1820 Q9Y493|ZAN_HUMAN 1751 1755 PFsqC 1821 Q9Y493|ZAN_HUMAN 2556 2560 PFaaC 1822 Q9Y548|YIPF1_HUMAN 123 127 PFwiC 1823 Q9Y5L3|ENP2_HUMAN 324 328 PFsrC 1824 Q9Y5P8|2ACC_HUMAN 272 276 PFqdC 1825 Q9Y664|KPTN_HUMAN 143 147 PFqlC 1826 Q9Y678|COPG_HUMAN 226 230 PFayC 1827 Q9Y6E0|STK24_HUMAN 371 375 PFsqC 1828 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 683 687 PFavC 1829 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 1074 1078 PFreC 1830 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 1888 1892 PFttC 1831 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 3089 3093 PFttC 1832 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 4290 4294 PFttC 1833 Q9Y6R7|FCGBP_HUMAN 5059 5063 PFatC

Finally the motifs that are found within the predicted peptides that are derived from tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases were calculated. Because of the small number of peptides present in the peptide pool the loop-6 fragment of TIMP-2 was also included in the calculation. This loop is known to have anti-angiogenic activity. For this case the common motif among the peptide sequences is the E-C-L-W-X-D-X8-G-X-Y-X5-C (SEQ ID NO: 2319) as shown in the FIG. 9.

Example 5 Novel Peptides from the Somatotropin and Serpin Protein Families

Growth Hormone (GH) and prolactin proteins contain a somatotropin conserved domain. Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) contains a serpin conserved domain. There are a number of short peptides, smaller than 25 amino acids, from these two protein families that can be used to identify sequences having similarity to these peptides within the human proteome. Such peptides include the recently identified short fragments of GH and prolactin (Nguyen et al., (2006) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103, 14319-14324), and short fragments of PEDF (Filleur et al., (2005) Cancer Res 65, 5144-5152).

After searching within the human proteome for similar sequences to those of the short peptides and filtering the results for only the statistically significant similarities using a Monte Carlo algorithm eleven novel similar peptides were identified, eight similar to the short fragment derived from growth hormone (FIG. 10A) and three from the short fragment of PEDF (FIG. 10B). These sequences are also included in Tables 7A and 7B.

TABLE 7A Table of the amino acid sequences of the peptides predicted similar to Growth Hormone Peptide Protein Name Location Peptide sequence Placental AAA98621 LLRISLLLIESWLE Lactogen (101-114) (SEQ ID NO: 2291) hGH-V AAB59548 LLRISLLLTQSWLE (101-114) (SEQ ID NO: 2292) GH2 CAG46722 LLHISLLLIQSWLE (101-114) (SEQ ID NO: 2293) Chorionic AAA52116 LLRLLLLIESWLE somatomammotropin (101-113) (SEQ ID NO: 2294) Chorionic AAI19748 LLHISLLLIESRLE somatomammotropin (12-25) (SEQ ID NO: 2295) hormone-like 1 Transmembrane NP_060474 LLRSSLILLQGSWF protein 45A (181-194) (SEQ ID NO: 2296) IL-17 receptor C Q8NAC3 RLRLLTLQSWLL (376-387) (SEQ ID NO: 2297) Neuropeptide FF Q9Y5X5 LLIVALLFILSWL receptor 2 (378-390) (SEQ ID NO: 2298) Brush border AAC27437 LMRKSQILIS SWF myosin-I (719-731) (SEQ ID NO: 2299)

TABLE 7B Table of the amino acid sequences of the peptides predicted similar to PEDF. Protein Name Peptide Location Peptide sequence DEAH (SEQ ID NO: 2300) box AAH47327 EIELVEEEPPF polypeptide 8 (438-448) (SEQ ID NO: 2301) Caspase 10 CAD32371(67-77) AEDLLSEEDPF (SEQ ID NO: 2302) CKIP-1 CAI14263(66-76) TLDLIQEEDPS (SEQ ID NO: 2303)

Example 7 Identification of Motifs within the Somatotropin Derived Peptides

By performing multiple sequence alignment to the sequences of the predicted peptides we can investigate the conservation of specific motifs that are common in most of the sequences. Multiple sequence alignment is performed using the ClustalW algorithm. In order to identify a more robust motif within the peptide sequences, in the case of the somatotropin derived peptides, the lowest similarity hits can be excluded to identify the common amino acids. This process identifies the somatotropin common motif: L-X(3)-L-L-X(3)-S-X-L (SEQ ID NO: 2289) (FIG. 11).

In order to identify the existence of this motif in other protein sequences in the human proteome, the ScanProsite tool was used to search the Prosite database at the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics. Using the aforementioned motif as a query this motif was identified in 139 locations of 139 different proteins listed in Table 8 (SEQ ID Nos: 1834-1972).

TABLE 8 Amino acid sequences of peptides that contain the somatotropin motif. Somatotropins Motif: L-X(3)-L-L-X(3)-S-X-L (SEQ ID NO: 2289) Number of Locations: 139 Number of Different Proteins: 139 First Ami- Last Accession no Amino # Number|Protein Name acid acid Sequence 1834 O14569|C56D2_HUMAN 164 175 LvgyLLgsaSlL 1835 O15287|FANCG_HUMAN 416 427 LceeLLsrtSsL 1836 O15482|TEX28_HUMAN 338 349 LatvLLvfvStL 1837 O43914|TYOBP_HUMAN 11 22 LllpLLlavSgL 1838 O60609|GFRA3_HUMAN 15 26 LmllLLlppSpL 1839 O75844|FACE1_HUMAN 279 290 LfdtLLeeySvL 1840 O95747|OXSR1_HUMAN 90 101 LvmkLLsggSvL 1841 P01241|SOMA_HUMAN 102 113 LrisLLliqSwL 1842 P01242|SOM2_HUMAN 102 113 LrisLLliqSwL 1843 P01243|CSH_HUMAN 102 113 LrisLLlieSwL 1844 P02750|A2GL_HUMAN 83 94 LpanLLqgaSkL 1845 P03891|NU2M_HUMAN 149 160 LnvsLLltlSiL 1846 P04201|MAS_HUMAN 151 162 LvcaLLwalScL 1847 P05783|K1C18_HUMAN 338 349 LngiLLhleSeL 1848 P07359|GP1BA_HUMAN 3 14 LlllLLllpSpL 1849 P09848|LPH_HUMAN 35 46 LtndLLhnlSgL 1850 P11168|GTR2_HUMAN 136 147 LvgaLLmgfSkL 1851 P12034|FGF5_HUMAN 3 14 LsflLLlffShL 1852 P13489|RINI_HUMAN 247 258 LcpgLLhpsSrL 1853 P14902|I23O_HUMAN 196 207 LlkaLLeiaScL 1854 P16278|BGAL_HUMAN 135 146 LpawLLekeSiL 1855 P19838|NFKB1_HUMAN 558 569 LvrdLLevtSgL 1856 P22079|PERL_HUMAN 512 523 LvrgLLakkSkL 1857 P23276|KELL_HUMAN 53 64 LilgLLlcfSvL 1858 P24394|IL4RA_HUMAN 4 15 LcsgLLfpvScL 1859 P29320|EPHA3_HUMAN 5 16 LsilLLlscSvL 1860 P31512|FMO4_HUMAN 524 535 LaslLLickSsL 1861 P35270|SPRE_HUMAN 26 37 LlasLLspgSvL 1862 P41250|SYG_HUMAN 20 31 LpprLLarpSlL 1863 P42575|CASP2_HUMAN 114 125 LedmLLttlSgL 1864 P46721|SO1A2_HUMAN 396 407 LleyLLyflSfL 1865 P51665|PSD7_HUMAN 201 212 LnskLLdirSyL 1866 P59531|T2R12_HUMAN 188 199 LisfLLsliSlL 1867 P69849|NOMO3_HUMAN 1180 1191 LiplLLqltSrL 1868 P98161|PKD1_HUMAN 82 93 LdvgLLanlSaL 1869 P98171|RHG04_HUMAN 153 164 LqdeLLevvSeL 1870 P98196|AT11A_HUMAN 1077 1088 LaivLLvtiSlL 1871 Q08431|MFGM_HUMAN 10 21 LcgaLLcapSlL 1872 Q08AF3|SLFN5_HUMAN 533 544 LvivLLgfkSfL 1873 Q12952|FOXL1_HUMAN 293 304 LgasLLaasSsL 1874 Q13275|SEM3F_HUMAN 2 13 LvagLLlwaSlL 1875 Q13394|MB211_HUMAN 300 311 LngiLLqliScL 1876 Q13609|DNSL3_HUMAN 8 19 LlllLLsihSaL 1877 Q13619|CUL4A_HUMAN 213 224 LlrsLLgmlSdL 1878 Q13620|CUL4B_HUMAN 349 360 LlrsLLsmlSdL 1879 Q14406|CSHL_HUMAN 84 95 LhisLLlieSrL 1880 Q14667|K0100_HUMAN 8 19 LlvlLLvalSaL 1881 Q15155|NOMO1_HUMAN 1180 1191 LiplLLqltSrL 1882 Q15760|GPR19_HUMAN 279 290 LilnLLfllSwL 1883 Q53RE8|ANR39_HUMAN 166 177 LacdLLpcnSdL 1884 Q5FWE3|PRRT3_HUMAN 586 597 LatdLLstwSvL 1885 Q5GH73|XKR6_HUMAN 630 641 LlyeLLqyeSsL 1886 Q5GH77|XKR3_HUMAN 194 205 LnraLLmtfSlL 1887 Q5JPE7|NOMO2_HUMAN 1180 1191 LiplLLqltSrL 1888 Q5JWR5|DOP1_HUMAN 506 517 LpqlLLrmiSaL 1889 Q5UIP0|RIF1_HUMAN 2413 2424 LsknLLaqiSaL 1890 Q5VTE6|ANGE2_HUMAN 175 186 LsqdLLednShL 1891 Q5VU43|MYOME_HUMAN 1932 1943 LreaLLssrShL 1892 Q5VYK3|ECM29_HUMAN 1296 1307 LipaLLeslSvL 1893 Q68D06|SLN13_HUMAN 554 565 LvivLLgfrSlL 1894 Q6GYQ0|GRIPE_HUMAN 641 652 LwddLLsvlSsL 1895 Q6NTF9|RHBD2_HUMAN 166 177 LvpwLLlgaSwL 1896 Q6ZMH5|S39A5_HUMAN 217 228 LavlLLslpSpL 1897 Q6ZMZ3|SYNE3_HUMAN 532 543 LhnsLLqrkSkL 1898 Q6ZVD8|PHLPL_HUMAN 313 324 LfpiLLceiStL 1899 Q6ZVE7|GOT1A_HUMAN 23 34 LfgtLLyfdSvL 1900 Q70J99|UN13D_HUMAN 927 938 LrveLLsasSlL 1901 Q7Z3Z4|PIWL4_HUMAN 139 150 LriaLLyshSeL 1902 Q7Z6Z7|HUWE1_HUMAN 841 852 LqegLLqldSiL 1903 Q7Z7L1|SLN11_HUMAN 554 565 LvivLLgfrSlL 1904 Q86SM5|MRGRG_HUMAN 223 234 LlnfLLpvfSpL 1905 Q86U44|MTA70_HUMAN 78 89 LekkLLhhlSdL 1906 Q86UQ4|ABCAD_HUMAN 3182 3193 LlnsLLdivSsL 1907 Q86WI3|NLRC5_HUMAN 1485 1496 LlqsLLlslSeL 1908 Q86YC3|LRC33_HUMAN 263 274 LffpLLpqySkL 1909 Q8IYK4|GT252_HUMAN 9 20 LawsLLllsSaL 1910 Q8IYS0|GRM1C_HUMAN 485 496 LesdLLieeSvL 1911 Q8IZL8|PELP1_HUMAN 33 44 LrllLLesvSgL 1912 Q8IZY2|ABCA7_HUMAN 1746 1757 LftlLLqhrSqL 1913 Q8N0X7|SPG20_HUMAN 322 333 LfedLLrqmSdL 1914 Q8N6M3|CT142_HUMAN 33 44 LagsLLkelSpL 1915 Q8N816|TMM99_HUMAN 96 107 LlpcLLgvgSwL 1916 Q8NBM4|PDHL1_HUMAN 15 26 LsksLLlvpSaL 1917 Q8NCG7|DGLB_HUMAN 555 566 LtqpLLgeqSlL 1918 Q8NFR9|I17RE_HUMAN 80 91 LcqhLLsggSgL 1919 Q8NGE3|O10P1_HUMAN 9 20 LpefLLlgfSdL 1920 Q8TCV5|WFDC5_HUMAN 8 19 LlgaLLavgSqL 1921 Q8TDL5|LPLC1_HUMAN 165 176 LriqLLhklSfL 1922 Q8TE82|S3TC1_HUMAN 1025 1036 LegqLLetiSqL 1923 Q8TEQ8|PIGO_HUMAN 857 868 LvflLLflqSfL 1924 Q8TEZ7|MPRB_HUMAN 127 138 LlahLLqskSeL 1925 Q8WWN8|CEND3_HUMAN 1481 1492 LeeqLLqelSsL 1926 Q8WZ84|OR8D1_HUMAN 43 54 LgmiLLiavSpL 1927 Q92535|PIGC_HUMAN 253 264 LfalLLmsiScL 1928 Q92538|GBF1_HUMAN 1224 1235 LrilLLmkpSvL 1929 Q92743|HTRA1_HUMAN 262 273 LpvlLLgrsSeL 1930 Q92935|EXTL1_HUMAN 19 30 LllvLLggfSlL 1931 Q93074|MED12_HUMAN 401 412 LqtiLLccpSaL 1932 Q96DN6|MBD6_HUMAN 740 751 LgasLLgdlSsL 1933 Q96GR4|ZDH12_HUMAN 48 59 LtflLLvlgSlL 1934 Q96HP8|T176A_HUMAN 29 40 LaklLLtccSaL 1935 Q96K12|FACR2_HUMAN 380 391 LmnrLLrtvSmL 1936 Q96KP1|EXOC2_HUMAN 339 350 LldkLLetpStL 1937 Q96MX0|CKLF3_HUMAN 40 51 LkgrLLlaeSgL 1938 Q96Q45|AL2S4_HUMAN 387 398 LvvaLLvglSwL 1939 Q96QZ0|PANX3_HUMAN 136 147 LssdLLfiiSeL 1940 Q96RQ9|OXLA_HUMAN 269 280 LpraLLsslSgL 1941 Q9BY08|EBPL_HUMAN 178 189 LipgLLlwqSwL 1942 Q9BZ97|TTY13_HUMAN 30 41 LclmLLlagScL 1943 Q9H1Y0|ATG5_HUMAN 85 96 LlfdLLassSaL 1944 Q9H254|SPTN4_HUMAN 1422 1433 LdkkLLhmeSqL 1945 Q9H330|CI005_HUMAN 430 441 LgkfLLkvdSkL 1946 Q9H4I8|SEHL2_HUMAN 175 186 LlqrLLksnShL 1947 Q9HCN3|TMEM8_HUMAN 200 211 LpqtLLshpSyL 1948 Q9NQ34|TMM9B_HUMAN 4 15 LwggLLrlgSlL 1949 Q9NR09|BIRC6_HUMAN 1400 1411 LlkaLLdnmSfL 1950 Q9NRA0|SPHK2_HUMAN 296 307 LgldLLlncSlL 1951 Q9NRU3|CNNM1_HUMAN 156 167 LgalLLlalSaL 1952 Q9NTT1|U2D3L_HUMAN 99 110 LskvLLsicSlL 1953 Q9NVH2|INT7_HUMAN 623 634 LridLLqafSqL 1954 Q9NVM9|CL011_HUMAN 350 361 LtnfLLngrSvL 1955 Q9NZD1|GPC5D_HUMAN 60 71 LptqLLfllSvL 1956 Q9P2E9|RRBP1_HUMAN 1226 1237 LrqlLLesqSqL 1957 Q9P2G4|K1383_HUMAN 397 408 LlnaLLvelSlL 1958 Q9P2V4|LRIT1_HUMAN 541 552 LpltLLvccSaL 1959 Q9UDY8|MALT1_HUMAN 33 44 LrepLLrrlSeL 1960 Q9UEW8|STK39_HUMAN 138 149 LvmkLLsggSmL 1961 Q9UGN4|CM35H_HUMAN 188 199 LlllLLvgaSlL 1962 Q9UHD4|CIDEB_HUMAN 189 200 LghmLLgisStL 1963 Q9UIG8|SO3A1_HUMAN 270 281 LcgaLLffsSlL 1964 Q9UPA5|BSN_HUMAN 353 364 LgasLLtqaStL 1965 Q9UPX8|SHAN2_HUMAN 609 620 LtgrLLdpsSpL 1966 Q9Y239|NOD1_HUMAN 318 329 LsgkLLkgaSkL 1967 Q9Y2I2|NTNG1_HUMAN 526 537 LlttLLgtaSpL 1968 Q9Y2U2|KCNK7_HUMAN 92 103 LpsaLLfaaSiL 1969 Q9Y2Y8|PRG3_HUMAN 7 18 LpflLLgtvSaL 1970 Q9Y586|MB212_HUMAN 300 311 LngiLLqliScL 1971 Q9Y5X0|SNX10_HUMAN 106 117 LqnaLLlsdSsL 1972 Q9Y5X5|NPFF2_HUMAN 379 390 LivaLLfilSwL

Example 8 Identification of Motifs within the Serpin Derived Peptides

The L-X(2)-E-E-X-P (SEQ ID NO: 2290) motif of serpin derived peptides identified the sequences of peptides shown in FIG. 12. Using the ScanProsite tool 314 hits in 302 different proteins were identified. The hits are shown in Table 9 (SEQ ID Nos: 1973-2286).

TABLE 9 Table of the amino acid sequences of the peptides identified to contain the serpin motif. Serpins Motif: L-X(2)-E-E-X-P (SEQ ID NO: 2290) Number of Locations: 314 Number of Different Proteins: 302 First Last Accession Amino Amino # Number|Protein Name acid acid Sequence 1973 O00160|MYO1F_HUMAN 744 751 LglEErPe 1974 O00507|USP9Y_HUMAN 2474 2481 LcpEEePd 1975 O00625|PIR_HUMAN 134 141 LksEEiPk 1976 O14641|DVL2_HUMAN 20 27 LdeEEtPy 1977 O14686|MLL2_HUMAN 2819 2826 LgpEErPp 1978 O14709|ZN197_HUMAN 193 200 LsqEEnPr 1979 O14795|UN13B_HUMAN 1499 1506 LgnEEgPe 1980 O15013|ARHGA_HUMAN 199 206 LssEEpPt 1981 O15055|PER2_HUMAN 994 1001 LqlEEaPe 1982 O15528|CP27B_HUMAN 297 304 LfrEElPa 1983 O15534|PER1_HUMAN 987 994 LqlEElPr 1984 O43390|HNRPR_HUMAN 12 19 LkeEEePm 1985 O60216|RAD21_HUMAN 504 511 LppEEpPn 1986 O60237|MYPT2_HUMAN 339 346 LyeEEtPk 1987 O60346|PHLPP_HUMAN 483 490 LeaEEkPl 1988 O60779|S19A2_HUMAN 259 266 LnmEEpPv 1989 O60885|BRD4_HUMAN 913 920 LedEEpPa 1990 O75128|COBL_HUMAN 1064 1071 LerEEkPs 1991 O75420|PERQ1_HUMAN 334 341 LeeEEePs 1992 O75787|RENR_HUMAN 116 123 LfsEEtPv 1993 O75914|PAK3_HUMAN 5 12 LdnEEkPp 1994 O94933|SLIK3_HUMAN 227 234 LqlEEnPw 1995 O94966|UBP19_HUMAN 1251 1258 LeaEEePv 1996 O94986|CE152_HUMAN 847 854 LknEEvPv 1997 O94991|SLIK5_HUMAN 230 237 LqlEEnPw 1998 O95153|RIMB1_HUMAN 915 922 LngEEcPp 1999 O95279|KCNK5_HUMAN 443 450 LagEEsPq 2000 O95712|PA24B_HUMAN 772 779 LkiEEpPs 2001 O95881|TXD12_HUMAN 94 101 LedEEePk 2002 O96018|APBA3_HUMAN 116 123 LhcEEcPp 2003 O96024|B3GT4_HUMAN 217 224 LhsEEvPl 2004 P04275|VWF_HUMAN 1012 1019 LqvEEdPv 2005 P05160|F13B_HUMAN 18 25 LyaEEkPc 2006 P06858|LIPL_HUMAN 279 286 LlnEEnPs 2007 P07237|PDIA1_HUMAN 307 314 LkkEEcPa 2008 P07949|RET_HUMAN 1033 1040 LseEEtPl 2009 P08519|APOA_HUMAN 3880 3887 LpsEEaPt 2010 P09769|FGR_HUMAN 497 504 LdpEErPt 2011 P10745|IRBP_HUMAN 708 715 LvvEEaPp 2012 P11532|DMD_HUMAN 2255 2262 LlvEElPl 2013 P14317|HCLS1_HUMAN 352 359 LqvEEePv 2014 P16150|LEUK_HUMAN 369 376 LkgEEePl 2015 P17025|ZN182_HUMAN 79 86 LevEEcPa 2016 P17600|SYN1_HUMAN 239 246 LgtEEfPl 2017 P18583|SON_HUMAN 1149 1156 LppEEpPt 2018 P18583|SON_HUMAN 1160 1167 LppEEpPm 2019 P18583|SON_HUMAN 1171 1178 LppEEpPe 2020 P19484|TFEB_HUMAN 350 357 LpsEEgPg 2021 P21333|FLNA_HUMAN 1034 1041 LprEEgPy 2022 P21802|FGFR2_HUMAN 33 40 LepEEpPt 2023 P22001|KCNA3_HUMAN 152 159 LreEErPl 2024 P31629|ZEP2_HUMAN 772 779 LvsEEsPs 2025 P34925|RYK_HUMAN 578 585 LdpEErPk 2026 P36955|PEDF_HUMAN 39 46 LveEEdPf 2027 P40189|IL6RB_HUMAN 787 794 LdsEErPe 2028 P42898|MTHR_HUMAN 598 605 LyeEEsPs 2029 P48729|KC1A_HUMAN 266 273 LrfEEaPd 2030 P51512|MMP16_HUMAN 165 172 LtfEEvPy 2031 P52746|ZN142_HUMAN 750 757 LgaEEnPl 2032 P53370|NUDT6_HUMAN 284 291 LtvEElPa 2033 P53801|PTTG_HUMAN 167 174 LfkEEnPy 2034 P53804|TTC3_HUMAN 2001 2008 LltEEsPs 2035 P55285|CADH6_HUMAN 116 123 LdrEEkPv 2036 P55289|CAD12_HUMAN 117 124 LdrEEkPf 2037 P56645|PER3_HUMAN 929 936 LlqEEmPr 2038 P59797|SELV_HUMAN 163 170 LlpEEdPe 2039 Q01826|SATB1_HUMAN 409 416 LrkEEdPk 2040 Q04725|TLE2_HUMAN 200 207 LveEErPs 2041 Q06330|SUH_HUMAN 7 14 LpaEEpPa 2042 Q06889|EGR3_HUMAN 24 31 LypEEiPs 2043 Q07157|ZO1_HUMAN 1155 1162 LrhEEqPa 2044 Q13072|BAGE1_HUMAN 19 26 LmkEEsPv 2045 Q13087|PDIA2_HUMAN 497 504 LptEEpPe 2046 Q13255|GRM1_HUMAN 995 1002 LtaEEtPl 2047 Q13315|ATM_HUMAN 954 961 LpgEEyPl 2048 Q13439|GOGA4_HUMAN 2092 2099 LeqEEnPg 2049 Q13596|SNX1_HUMAN 265 272 LekEElPr 2050 Q13634|CAD18_HUMAN 446 453 LdrEEtPw 2051 Q14028|CNGB1_HUMAN 137 144 LmaEEnPp 2052 Q14126|DSG2_HUMAN 117 124 LdrEEtPf 2053 Q14204|DYHC_HUMAN 3973 3980 LwsEEtPa 2054 Q14315|FLNC_HUMAN 1738 1745 LphEEePs 2055 Q14524|SCN5A_HUMAN 46 53 LpeEEaPr 2056 Q14554|PDIA5_HUMAN 166 173 LkkEEkPl 2057 Q14562|DHX8_HUMAN 411 418 LskEEfPd 2058 Q14562|DHX8_HUMAN 441 448 LveEEpPf 2059 Q14573|ITPR3_HUMAN 315 322 LaaEEnPs 2060 Q14674|ESPL1_HUMAN 613 620 LspEEtPa 2061 Q14676|MDC1_HUMAN 145 152 LtvEEtPr 2062 Q14684|RRP1B_HUMAN 244 251 LsaEEiPe 2063 Q15021|CND1_HUMAN 1179 1186 LgvEEePf 2064 Q15735|PI5PA_HUMAN 189 196 LasEEqPp 2065 Q15788|NCOA1_HUMAN 982 989 LimEErPn 2066 Q15878|CAC1E_HUMAN 797 804 LnrEEaPt 2067 Q2TAL6|VWC2_HUMAN 179 186 LctEEgPl 2068 Q32MZ4|LRRF1_HUMAN 82 89 LrvEErPe 2069 Q32P28|P3H1_HUMAN 215 222 LysEEqPq 2070 Q3KNS1|PTHD3_HUMAN 96 103 LpeEEtPe 2071 Q3ZCX4|ZN568_HUMAN 100 107 LeqEEePw 2072 Q495W5|FUT11_HUMAN 144 151 LlhEEsPl 2073 Q52LD8|RFTN2_HUMAN 123 130 LviEEcPl 2074 Q53GL0|PKHO1_HUMAN 189 196 LiqEEdPs 2075 Q53GL0|PKHO1_HUMAN 289 296 LraEEpPt 2076 Q53GL7|PAR10_HUMAN 693 700 LeaEEpPd 2077 Q53H47|SETMR_HUMAN 499 506 LdqEEaPk 2078 Q567U6|CCD93_HUMAN 300 307 LsaEEsPe 2079 Q580R0|CB027_HUMAN 41 48 LelEEaPe 2080 Q587I9|SFT2C_HUMAN 136 143 LrcEEaPs 2081 Q5H9T9|CN155_HUMAN 427 434 LlpEEaPr 2082 Q5H9T9|CN155_HUMAN 697 704 LpaEEtPi 2083 Q5H9T9|CN155_HUMAN 736 743 LltEEfPi 2084 Q5JUK9|GGED1_HUMAN 38 45 LqqEEpPi 2085 Q5JXB2|UE2NL_HUMAN 58 65 LlaEEyPm 2086 Q5MCW4|ZN569_HUMAN 60 67 LeqEEePw 2087 Q5SYB0|FRPD1_HUMAN 553 560 LikEEqPp 2088 Q5THJ4|VP13D_HUMAN 2943 2950 LtgEEiPf 2089 Q5VYS4|CM033_HUMAN 293 300 LesEEtPn 2090 Q5VZP5|DUS27_HUMAN 942 949 LrtEEkPp 2091 Q5VZY2|PPC1A_HUMAN 247 254 LkkEErPt 2092 Q63HR2|TENC1_HUMAN 564 571 LddEEqPt 2093 Q66K74|MAP1S_HUMAN 777 784 LgaEEtPp 2094 Q68CZ1|FTM_HUMAN 1181 1188 LpaEEtPv 2095 Q68DD2|PA24F_HUMAN 470 477 LyqEEnPa 2096 Q6BDS2|URFB1_HUMAN 1304 1311 LedEEiPv 2097 Q6DCA0|AMERL_HUMAN 183 190 LtrEElPk 2098 Q6DN90|IQEC1_HUMAN 263 270 LhtEEaPa 2099 Q6DT37|MRCKG_HUMAN 1264 1271 LvpEElPp 2100 Q6HA08|ASTL_HUMAN 62 69 LilEEtPe 2101 Q6IFS5|HSN2_HUMAN 298 305 LnqEElPp 2102 Q6NUN7|CK063_HUMAN 74 81 LdeEEsPr 2103 Q6P2Q9|PRP8_HUMAN 1852 1859 LpvEEqPk 2104 Q6P5W5|S39A4_HUMAN 473 480 LvaEEsPe 2105 Q6P6B1|CH047_HUMAN 249 256 LgkEEqPq 2106 Q6PD74|P34_HUMAN 141 148 LspEElPe 2107 Q6PI48|SYDM_HUMAN 488 495 LpkEEnPr 2108 Q6PJ61|FBX46_HUMAN 246 253 LrkEErPg 2109 Q6S8J7|POTE8_HUMAN 307 314 LtsEEePq 2110 Q6SZW1|SARM1_HUMAN 396 403 LlgEEvPr 2111 Q6UX39|AMTN_HUMAN 114 121 LssEElPq 2112 Q6ZMY3|SPOC1_HUMAN 184 191 LskEEpPg 2113 Q6ZN11|ZN793_HUMAN 60 67 LeqEEaPw 2114 Q6ZNL6|FGD5_HUMAN 382 389 LraEEnPm 2115 Q6ZV29|PLPL7_HUMAN 854 861 LhrEEgPa 2116 Q70CQ4|UBP31_HUMAN 527 534 LpqEEqPl 2117 Q70SY1|CR3L2_HUMAN 153 160 LekEEpPl 2118 Q7L8C5|SYT13_HUMAN 229 236 LaeEElPt 2119 Q7Z3E5|ARMC9_HUMAN 570 577 LnsEElPd 2120 Q7Z410|TMPS9_HUMAN 691 698 LacEEaPg 2121 Q86SP6|GP149_HUMAN 217 224 LcsEEpPr 2122 Q86V87|RAI16_HUMAN 496 503 LdlEEdPy 2123 Q86VQ0|CF152_HUMAN 428 435 LerEEkPe 2124 Q86W50|MET10_HUMAN 454 461 LsqEEnPe 2125 Q86Y13|DZIP3_HUMAN 1192 1199 LlpEEfPg 2126 Q86Y27|BAGE5_HUMAN 19 26 LmkEEsPv 2127 Q86Y28|BAGE4_HUMAN 19 26 LmkEEsPv 2128 Q86Y29|BAGE3_HUMAN 19 26 LmkEEsPv 2129 Q86Y30|BAGE2_HUMAN 19 26 LmkEEsPv 2130 Q8IU99|FA26C_HUMAN 315 322 LgqEEpPl 2131 Q8IUA0|WFDC8_HUMAN 217 224 LqdEEcPl 2132 Q8IV63|VRK3_HUMAN 438 445 LtyEEkPp 2133 Q8IWY9|CDAN1_HUMAN 948 955 LlpEEtPa 2134 Q8IXI1|MIRO2_HUMAN 24 31 LvgEEfPe 2135 Q8IXI2|MIRO1_HUMAN 24 31 LvsEEfPe 2136 Q8IYS5|OSCAR_HUMAN 122 129 LvtEElPr 2137 Q8IZ26|ZNF34_HUMAN 251 258 LhtEEkPy 2138 Q8IZH2|XRN1_HUMAN 1143 1150 LfdEEfPg 2139 Q8IZP0|ABI1_HUMAN 7 14 LleEEiPs 2140 Q8N201|INT1_HUMAN 1587 1594 LlqEEePl 2141 Q8N309|LRC43_HUMAN 373 380 LlvEEsPe 2142 Q8N3C0|HELC1_HUMAN 451 458 LsfEEkPv 2143 Q8N3C0|HELC1_HUMAN 1579 1586 LatEEdPk 2144 Q8N475|FSTL5_HUMAN 786 793 LkaEEwPw 2145 Q8N4L2|TM55A_HUMAN 132 139 LisEEqPa 2146 Q8N752|KC1AL_HUMAN 266 273 LrfEEvPd 2147 Q8NC74|CT151_HUMAN 178 185 LrgEEkPa 2148 Q8NE71|ABCF1_HUMAN 701 708 LrmEEtPt 2149 Q8NEG5|ZSWM2_HUMAN 43 50 LlrEEePe 2150 Q8NEM7|FA48A_HUMAN 115 122 LdaEElPp 2151 Q8NEZ4|MLL3_HUMAN 3046 3053 LllEEqPl 2152 Q8NEZ4|MLL3_HUMAN 4023 4030 LvkEEpPe 2153 Q8NFM7|I17RD_HUMAN 702 709 LgeEEpPa 2154 Q8NFP4|MDGA1_HUMAN 489 496 LplEEtPd 2155 Q8NHJ6|LIRB4_HUMAN 60 67 LdkEEsPa 2156 Q8NI51|BORIS_HUMAN 120 127 LwlEEgPr 2157 Q8TBH0|ARRD2_HUMAN 387 394 LysEEdPn 2158 Q8TDX9|PK1L1_HUMAN 1101 1108 LsaEEsPg 2159 Q8TE68|ES8L1_HUMAN 408 415 LspEEgPp 2160 Q8TER0|SNED1_HUMAN 1083 1090 LrgEEhPt 2161 Q8WU49|CG033_HUMAN 8 15 LslEEcPw 2162 Q8WUA2|PPIL4_HUMAN 16 23 LytEErPr 2163 Q8WUI4|HDAC7_HUMAN 943 950 LveEEePm 2164 Q8WWN8|CEND3_HUMAN 1456 1463 LgqEErPp 2165 Q8WZ42|TITIN_HUMAN 12132 12139 LvvEElPv 2166 Q8WZ42|TITIN_HUMAN 13832 13839 LfvEEiPv 2167 Q92538|GBF1_HUMAN 1062 1069 LqrEEtPs 2168 Q92738|US6NL_HUMAN 51 58 LheEElPd 2169 Q92765|SFRP3_HUMAN 134 141 LacEElPv 2170 Q92851|CASPA_HUMAN 70 77 LlsEEdPf 2171 Q92888|ARHG1_HUMAN 390 397 LepEEpPg 2172 Q93008|USP9X_HUMAN 2466 2473 LcpEEePd 2173 Q969V6|MKL1_HUMAN 497 504 LvkEEgPr 2174 Q96B01|R51A1_HUMAN 55 62 LrkEEiPv 2175 Q96D15|RCN3_HUMAN 192 199 LhpEEfPh 2176 Q96DC7|TMCO6_HUMAN 219 226 LqaEEaPe 2177 Q96FT7|ACCN4_HUMAN 90 97 LslEEqPl 2178 Q96G97|BSCL2_HUMAN 326 333 LseEEkPd 2179 Q96GW7|PGCB_HUMAN 880 887 LhpEEdPe 2180 Q96H72|S39AD_HUMAN 340 347 LleEEdPw 2181 Q96H78|S2544_HUMAN 265 272 LmaEEgPw 2182 Q96J42|TXD15_HUMAN 42 49 LwsEEqPa 2183 Q96JI7|SPTCS_HUMAN 1940 1947 LleEEaPd 2184 Q96JL9|ZN333_HUMAN 80 87 LkpEElPs 2185 Q96JQ0|PCD16_HUMAN 3106 3113 LyrEEgPp 2186 Q96MZ0|GD1L1_HUMAN 195 202 LdhEEePq 2187 Q96NZ9|PRAP1_HUMAN 71 78 LttEEkPr 2188 Q96PQ6|ZN317_HUMAN 109 116 LeqEEePr 2189 Q96RE7|BTB14_HUMAN 133 140 LhaEEaPs 2190 Q96RG2|PASK_HUMAN 1196 1203 LvfEEnPf 2191 Q96RL1|UIMC1_HUMAN 388 395 LllEEePt 2192 Q96SB3|NEB2_HUMAN 435 442 LseEEdPa 2193 Q96SJ8|TSN18_HUMAN 167 174 LdsEEvPe 2194 Q99102|MUC4_HUMAN 1306 1313 LhrEErPn 2195 Q99543|DNJC2_HUMAN 68 75 LqlEEfPm 2196 Q9BQS2|SYT15_HUMAN 36 43 LtyEElPg 2197 Q9BVI0|PHF20_HUMAN 483 490 LepEEsPg 2198 Q9BY44|EIF2A_HUMAN 461 468 LheEEpPq 2199 Q9BY78|RNF26_HUMAN 356 363 LneEEpPg 2200 Q9BYD3|RM04_HUMAN 221 228 LthEEmPq 2201 Q9BZA7|PC11X_HUMAN 315 322 LdrEEtPn 2202 Q9BZA8|PC11Y_HUMAN 347 354 LdrEEtPn 2203 Q9C009|FOXQ1_HUMAN 227 234 LrpEEaPg 2204 Q9H095|IQCG_HUMAN 122 129 LitEEgPn 2205 Q9H0D2|ZN541_HUMAN 149 156 LggEEpPg 2206 Q9H2C0|GAN_HUMAN 36 43 LdgEEiPv 2207 Q9H2X9|S12A5_HUMAN 681 688 LrlEEgPp 2208 Q9H334|FOXP1_HUMAN 291 298 LshEEhPh 2209 Q9H3T3|SEM6B_HUMAN 26 33 LfpEEpPp 2210 Q9H579|CT132_HUMAN 138 145 LvqEErPh 2211 Q9H5V8|CDCP1_HUMAN 788 795 LatEEpPp 2212 Q9H6F5|CCD86_HUMAN 227 234 LnkEElPv 2213 Q9H6Z4|RANB3_HUMAN 4 11 LanEEkPa 2214 Q9H7E9|CH033_HUMAN 94 101 LapEEvPl 2215 Q9H8Y1|CN115_HUMAN 137 144 LcsEEsPe 2216 Q9H9E1|ANRA2_HUMAN 13 20 LivEEcPs 2217 Q9H9F9|ARP5_HUMAN 415 422 LfsEEtPg 2218 Q9HAV4|XPO5_HUMAN 521 528 LnrEEiPv 2219 Q9HCE7|SMUF1_HUMAN 364 371 LedEElPa 2220 Q9NPR2|SEM4B_HUMAN 47 54 LgsEErPf 2221 Q9NR50|EI2BG_HUMAN 333 340 LcpEEpPv 2222 Q9NRJ7|PCDBG_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEePq 2223 Q9NTN9|SEM4G_HUMAN 203 210 LrtEEtPm 2224 Q9NUR3|CT046_HUMAN 104 111 LhsEEgPa 2225 Q9NVR7|TBCC1_HUMAN 138 145 LigEEwPs 2226 Q9NX46|ARHL2_HUMAN 235 242 LgmEErPy 2227 Q9NYB9|ABI2_HUMAN 7 14 LleEEiPg 2228 Q9P1Y5|K1543_HUMAN 827 834 LlaEEtPp 2229 Q9P1Y5|K1543_HUMAN 938 945 LaqEEaPg 2230 Q9P2E7|PCD10_HUMAN 316 323 LdyEEsPv 2231 Q9P2K9|PTHD2_HUMAN 673 680 LevEEePv 2232 Q9UBB4|ATX10_HUMAN 289 296 LasEEpPd 2233 Q9UBN6|TR10D_HUMAN 78 85 LkeEEcPa 2234 Q9UBT6|POLK_HUMAN 251 258 LlfEEsPs 2235 Q9UGF5|OR5U1_HUMAN 303 310 LskEElPq 2236 Q9UGL1|JAD1B_HUMAN 879 886 LlsEEtPs 2237 Q9UHW9|S12A6_HUMAN 743 750 LrlEEgPp 2238 Q9UIF9|BAZ2A_HUMAN 609 616 LsaEEiPs 2239 Q9UIG0|BAZ1B_HUMAN 75 82 LlkEEfPa 2240 Q9ULD6|PDZD6_HUMAN 390 397 LpaEEvPl 2241 Q9ULG1|INOC1_HUMAN 235 242 LssEEsPr 2242 Q9ULI4|KI26A_HUMAN 1396 1403 LrgEEePr 2243 Q9ULQ1|TPC1_HUMAN 29 36 LgqEElPs 2244 Q9UMS0|NFU1_HUMAN 93 100 LvtEEtPs 2245 Q9UN72|PCDA7_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEtPe 2246 Q9UN73|PCDA6_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEaPa 2247 Q9UN74|PCDA4_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEaPe 2248 Q9UNA0|ATS5_HUMAN 481 488 LgpEElPg 2249 Q9UP95|S12A4_HUMAN 678 685 LrlEEgPp 2250 Q9UPQ7|PZRN3_HUMAN 385 392 LlpEEhPs 2251 Q9UPV0|CE164_HUMAN 488 495 LatEEePp 2252 Q9UPW6|SATB2_HUMAN 398 405 LrkEEdPr 2253 Q9UPW8|UN13A_HUMAN 332 339 LeeEElPe 2254 Q9UPX6|K1024_HUMAN 371 378 LntEEvPd 2255 Q9UQ05|KCNH4_HUMAN 761 768 LlgEElPp 2256 Q9UQ26|RIMS2_HUMAN 201 208 LrnEEaPq 2257 Q9UQ26|RIMS2_HUMAN 1327 1334 LsfEEsPq 2258 Q9Y250|LZTS1_HUMAN 293 300 LayEErPr 2259 Q9Y2I6|NLP_HUMAN 759 766 LelEEpPq 2260 Q9Y2K7|JHD1A_HUMAN 661 668 LlnEElPn 2261 Q9Y2L6|FRM4B_HUMAN 438 445 LpsEEdPa 2262 Q9Y2V3|RX_HUMAN 126 133 LseEEqPk 2263 Q9Y343|SNX24_HUMAN 87 94 LenEElPk 2264 Q9Y3I0|CV028_HUMAN 466 473 LvmEEaPe 2265 Q9Y3L3|3BP1_HUMAN 130 137 LseEElPa 2266 Q9Y3L3|3BP1_HUMAN 494 501 LasEElPs 2267 Q9Y3R5|DOP2_HUMAN 1084 1091 LseEElPy 2268 Q9Y426|CU025_HUMAN 98 105 LsfEEdPr 2269 Q9Y566|SHAN1_HUMAN 1838 1845 LpwEEgPg 2270 Q9Y572|RIPK3_HUMAN 352 359 LnlEEpPs 2271 Q9Y5E2|PCDB7_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEiPe 2272 Q9Y5E3|PCDB6_HUMAN 199 206 LdrEEqPq 2273 Q9Y5E4|PCDB5_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEErPe 2274 Q9Y5E5|PCDB4_HUMAN 199 206 LdrEEqPe 2275 Q9Y5E6|PCDB3_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEqPe 2276 Q9Y5E7|PCDB2_HUMAN 202 209 LdrEEqPe 2277 Q9Y5F1|PCDBC_HUMAN 200 207 LdyEErPe 2278 Q9Y5F2|PCDBB_HUMAN 200 207 LdyEElPe 2279 Q9Y5F3|PCDB1_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEqPe 2280 Q9Y5G1|PCDGF_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEqPh 2281 Q9Y5G2|PCDGE_HUMAN 410 417 LdrEEiPe 2282 Q9Y5H5|PCDA9_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEtPe 2283 Q9Y5I2|PCDAA_HUMAN 199 206 LdrEEnPq 2284 Q9Y5I3|PCDA1_HUMAN 200 207 LdrEEtPe 2285 Q9Y5Q9|TF3C3_HUMAN 42 49 LsaEEnPd 2286 Q9Y5R2|MMP24_HUMAN 201 208 LtfEEvPy

Example 9 A Novel Peptide Derived from the Alpha6 Fibril of Type 4 Collagen

A peptide similar to the short Tumstatin T3 peptide derived from the alpha3 fibril of type IV collagen was identified. This peptide was derived from the alpha6 fibril of type 4 collagen. Its amino acid sequence is LPRFSTMPFIYCNINEVCHY (SEQ ID NO: 2304) as shown in FIG. 13.

TABLE 10 Table containing the amino acid sequence of the peptide predicted similar to Tumstatin/Tum4 Peptide Protein Name Location Peptide sequence Collagen type IV, CAI40758.1: LPRFSTMPFIYCNINEVCHY alpha6 fibril 1630-1648 (SEQ ID NO: 2304)

Example 10 Peptide Modifications

One skilled in the art will appreciate that peptides disclosed herein may be modified to increase peptide stability for in vivo administration. To demonstrate the desirability of introducing such modifications, three exemplary peptides were selected where in vivo administration in lung carcinoma xenografts of the naked (unmodified) peptides has shown significant efficacy in suppressing the tumor volume increase.

The three exemplary peptides include a peptide derived from the alpha 5 fibril of type IV collagen, a peptide derived from a TSP1 repeat containing protein properdin, and a peptide derived from a CXC chemokine CXCL1 (FIG. 14). The amino acid sequences of mouse and human peptides are shown in FIG. 14. There are minor differences in the amino acid sequences of the mouse and human sequences for TSP1 derived and CXC derived peptide. These differences do not affect the suggested modifications, as the amino acids that may be associated with peptide instability are common in both the mouse and human sequences. The amino acid sequences of the collagen derived peptides are common in both species.

Amino Acid Modifications Controlling Disulfide Bond Formation

Under oxidizing conditions, the sulfide groups from two cysteines may cross react to form a disulfide bond. If the two cysteines exist in the same molecule, this bond can be formed intra-molecularly producing a hairpin-like tertiary structure in a peptide molecule. If those two cysteines exist either in the same molecule or in two different molecules (one cysteine in the amino acid sequence of the peptide) the disulfide bond formation can cause dimerization or multimerization of the molecules. This can induce possible peptide aggregation, thereby reducing therapeutic efficacy. In addition, albumin contains a free cysteine that can react with the peptides' free cysteines again forming disulfide bonds. These bonds can cause the peptide to non-specifically bind on the albumin's surface. The peptide binding on the albumin's surface can reduce the effective concentration of the circulating peptide.

To promote therapeutic efficacy and reduce the formation of disulfide bonds, cysteines are substituted, for example, by an aminobutyric acid (Abu), serine or alanine. These amino acids have similar physicochemical properties as cysteines, i.e., they include a polar in side chain polarity, neutral in side chain acidity and are largely hydrophobic. However, they are devoid of sulfide groups, which cause them to be non-reactive under oxidizing conditions. Serine and alanine have somewhat different molecular dimensions than cysteine (serine is longer and alanine is shorter). Substitution with these amino acids can cause secondary modifications in the structure of the original peptide. Aminobutyric acid is a favorable modification as it conserves the physicochemical and structural characteristics of the cysteine without the reactive sulfide group.

When two or more cysteines exist per peptide there are two strategies that can be used in order to prevent disulfide bond formation. If the hairpin tertiary structure of the peptide is significant for its activity, the intramolecular disulfide bond formation can be preformed during the solid state synthesis of the molecule if the synthesis is performed under oxidizing conditions. The purification step of the peptide, based on its molecular weight, will eventually obliterate any multimers formed under the oxidizing conditions and can yield a high purity peptide with a hairpin-like tertiary structure. If this structure is not significant or reduces the peptide's activity, then the same strategy as in the case of a single cysteine per molecule can be followed. Both of the cysteines can be substituted by aminobutyric acids, serines or alanines.

Amino Acid Modifications Controlling Pegylation Stability

Pegylation involves the conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to proteins and peptides. Attaching a PEG increases the molecular weight of a molecule, and yield several significant pharmacological advantages over the unmodified form, which include: improved solubility; reduced dosage frequency without diminished efficacy and potentially reduced toxicity; extended circulating life; and enhanced protection from proteolytic degradation.

The presence of methionines in the amino acid sequence of a peptide may induce a low level oxidation reaction at the sulfur containing chain. This can cause the peptide to be unstable in solution or subject to non-specific interactions. The most important potential problem arising from the presence of methionines is the non-specific interactions of these amino acids with PEG chains. These interactions cause binding of the PEG to the methionines, which may present difficulties in purifying Pegylated peptides (i.e., purifying them to greater than 97% which is required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for human administration). The most appropriate strategy for minimizing the effect of the methionines on the Pegylation yield is the substitution of the methionines with isoleucines. Isoleucines have many of the same characteristics as methionines, but no cross-reactivity with the PEG chains.

Another amino acid that may interact non-specifically with PEG chains is lysine. This can reduce the yield of the Pegylation reaction. One strategy to minimize nonspecific interactions with lysine is protecting lysine during chemical synthesis. This extra step may increase the cost of Pegylation. A common modification that can be used in order to avoid lysine protection during Pegylation, is substituting arginine for lysine. Arginine has similar characteristics with lysines and does not affect the Pegylation yield.

Example 11 Receptor Identification and Peptide Combinations

There is growing evidence that anti-angiogenic peptides exert their effects by binding to receptors on endothelial cells. Tumstatin has two binding sites for αvβ3 integrins (Maeshima et al., (2001) J Biol Chem 276, 31959-31968), although its anti-angiogenic activity has been connected to the site that is located in the amino-terminal of the fragment. Tumstatin has also been shown to interact with α6β1 integrins (Maeshima et al., (2000) J Biol Chem 275, 23745-23750). The major receptor that has been identified for the anti-angiogenic CXC chemokines is CXCR3 (Strieter et al., (2006) Eur J Cancer 42, 768-778). CXCR3 exists in three alternative splice isoforms, CXCR3A, CXCR3B, and CXCR3-alt. The CXC chemokine ligands of CXCR3 inhibit the proliferation and migration of human microvascular endothelial cells in response to a variety of angiogenic factors. Extensive studies on the mechanistic details of the anti-angiogenic activity of thrombospondin 1, the prototype type 1 thrombospondin repeat-containing protein, have implicated CD36, a 88-kDa transmembrane glycoprotein, as the cell-surface receptor that mediates its effects on endothelial cells (Dawson et al., (1997) J Cell Biol 138, 707-717). CD47 and various integrins have also been mechanistically implicated in the effects of thrombospondin 1 on endothelial cells (Gao et al., (1996) J Biol Chem 271, 21-24).

In order to determine whether peptides identified herein share binding partners with previously identified anti-angiogenic peptides, neutralization studies against these receptors were performed. Endothelial cells were pre-incubated with a range of concentrations of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that target single receptors, and the activity of the peptides in the angiogenesis assay was then compared to that observed in the absence of neutralizing antibody. The results for neutralization studies of the CXC chemokine-derived peptides, the collagen IV-derived peptides, and the TSP1 repeat-containing peptides are presented herein (FIGS. 15A-15C). In each case, a control where the cells were incubated only in the presence of the antibody solutions and without any peptides was carried out. No effect of the antibody alone on the endothelial cells was observed at any concentration.

In order to determine whether CXCR3 is responsible for the binding of the CXC chemokine derived anti-angiogenic peptides, the proliferation experiments were repeated in the presence of different concentrations of a CXCR3-neutralizing antibody. Two concentrations of the antibody were tested, 1 and 10 μg/ml, one below and one above the designated ED₅₀. In most cases, the activity of the peptide was abrogated in the presence of an increasing concentration of the neutralizing antibody against the CXCR3 receptor. Interestingly, in the cases in which the peptide exhibited a biphasic dose response, the monoclonal antibody did not entirely neutralize the activity of the peptide. This suggests that more than one receptor or more than one mechanism is responsible for the activity of these peptides. By performing similar neutralization studies using monoclonal antibodies against all the known CXC receptors, including CXCR1, CXCR2, and CXCR4, none of these receptors appeared to mediate the anti-angiogenic activity of the peptides.

Noting that the effects of tumstatins are primarily attributed to peptides binding to β1 and β3 integrins (Maeshima et al., (2001) J Biol Chem 276, 31959-31968; Maeshima et al., (2001) J Biol Chem 276, 15240-15248), for collagen-derived peptides monoclonal antibodies directed against the β1 and β3 integrins were tested at two antibody concentrations, 1 and 10 ng/ml (FIG. 14). The activity of the highly potent collagen derived peptides was completely abrogated after pre-incubation with either anti-integrin antibody. In the case of the TSP1 repeat-derived peptides, neutralizing CD36, which is the main TSP1 repeat receptor, abolished the peptides' activity. With increasing antibody concentration, increased endothelial cell proliferation was observed relative to the control. It is noteworthy that at these two antibody concentrations for which no direct effect on endothelial cells was observed, the antibodies were potent enough to neutralize the peptide activity. In contrast, blocking CD47, the integrin-associated receptor, only partially neutralized the peptide activity.

Based on the information obtained from the neutralization experiments, a systematic method to create and test the effectiveness of combinations of individual peptides as potent angiogenesis inhibitors was developed. By using combinations of peptides that bind to different receptors, different pathways were targeted to assess whether there was any modulation of the combined activity in our functional assays. In order to evaluate combinations, a sensitive proliferation assay was selected to analyse changes in peptide activity. The use of multiple peptides targeting multiple targets, with different mechanisms or modes of action, creates the possibility for multiple favorable outcomes, including an increased efficacy of the therapeutic effect, the ability to employ a decreased dosage to obtain an analogous or increased level of efficacy (as a strategy to avoid toxicity), as well as a minimization of, or delay in, the development of resistance (Dorrell et al., (2007) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 967-972).

Combinations of two peptides were tested from each of the three major protein families, the type IV collagen fibrils, CXC chemokines, and TSP1 repeat-containing proteins. The peptides used in the combination experiments are derived from the alpha5 fibril of type IV collagen (LRRFSTMPFMFCNINNVCNF (SEQ ID NO: 2312)), from alpha4 fibril of type IV collagen (YCNIHQVCHYAQRNDRSYWL (SEQ ID NO: 2320)), from a CXC protein GRO-α/CXCL1 (NGRKACLNPASPIVKKIIEKMLNS (SEQ ID NO: 2305)), from a CXC protein ENA-78/CXCL5 (NGKEICLDPEAPFLKKVIQKILD (SEQ ID NO: 2311)), from a TSP1 repeat-containing protein properdin (GPWEPCSVTCSKGTRTRRR (SEQ ID NO: 2306)), and from a TSP1 repeat-containing protein THSD6 (WTRCSSSCGRGVSVRSR (SEQ ID NO: 2321)). One peptide from each family was combined at four different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 30 μg/ml), and the efficacy of these combined peptides was evaluated in a proliferation assay. The peptides were applied in series in order to avoid possible interactions between them, and the viability of the cells was then evaluated. Using the information from the dose-response curves, the data was fit to sigmoidal Hill curves (Chou et al., (2006) Pharmacol Rev 58, 621-681). Based on the estimated Hill curves, isobolograms were calculated to obtain the state space of peptide concentrations with equipotent sums of doses. This data was used to generate graphs of equally effective dose pairs (isoboles) with the same level of effectiveness observed for a single peptide application. In addition to the isobolograms the Combination Indexes (C.I.) for different peptide combinations was also calculated (Chou et al., (1984) Adv Enzyme Regul 22, 27-55) to compare the relative efficacy of the various combinations (FIG. 16).

These analyses indicated a significant synergism between CXC chemokines and TSP1 repeat-containing protein-derived peptides. Thus, it is likely that using specific peptide combinations, provides activity levels similar to those obtained when each of the peptides is used alone, but at significantly lower dosages. In the case of combining a CXC derived peptide with a TSP1 derived peptide, dosage was reduced by one order of magnitude while the same level of efficacy was maintained. Furthermore, when applied at higher concentrations, these two peptides in combination yielded a much higher activity than when either one was applied alone. In the case of the combination of collagen IV-derived peptides with either CXC- or TSP1-derived peptides, a synergism was observed only at lower collagen peptide concentrations. At higher concentrations, the collagen-derived peptides were antagonized by the CXC and TSP1 repeat-derived peptides.

These studies indicated that the peptides bind to receptors on the endothelial cell surface. Based on the information from the receptor binding, combinatorial strategies were designed targeting multiple receptors. This analysis supports the conclusion that targeting CD36 or CD47, the primary thrombospondin receptors, and CXCR3, the receptor responsible for the anti-angiogenic activity of CXC chemokine-derived peptides, provided for the synergistic amplification of the peptides' potency.

Example 12 Anti-Angiogenic Peptides Arrest Tumor Growth

To characterize the functional effects of anti-angiogenic peptides in mouse models, tumor xenografts were generated in female nude mice using the NCI H82 lung carcinoma cell line. This cell line was chosen because its aggressiveness results in rapid tumor growth. Three peptides, a collagen derived, a CXC chemokine derived and a TSP1 containing protein derived peptide were administered once a day, intraperitoneally (i.p.), at doses 10 and 20 mg/kg/day, in a 200 microliter solution injection as individual agents and as a combination. The CXC protein GRO-α/CXCL1 derived peptide (human sequence: NGRKACLNPASPIVKKIIEKMLNS (SEQ ID NO: 2445); mouse sequence: NGREACLDPEAPLVQKIVQKMLKG (SEQ ID NO: 2441)), the TSP1 repeat-containing protein WISP-1 derived peptide (human sequence: GPWEPCSVTCSKGTRTRRR (SEQ ID NO: 2444); mouse sequence: GPWGPCSVTCSKGTQIRQR (SEQ ID NO: 2440)), and the type IV collagen alpha5 fibril derived peptide (human sequence: LRRFSTMPFMFCNINNVCNF (SEQ ID NO: 2442) is the same as mouse sequence: LRRFSTMPFMFCNINNVCNF (SEQ ID NO: 2443)). An equivalent volume of PBS was injected as control. The injections were repeated for 12 days. At 10 mg/kg/day (FIG. 18A) and 20 mg/kg/day (FIG. 18B) the peptides suppressed the development of tumors as a monotherapy. Injections of the combination of a TSP1 containing protein derived peptide and a CXC chemokine derived peptide in a rapidly developing tumor (Day 14 after inoculation) completely arrested tumor growth within 3 days (FIG. 18C).

The results described in Example 12 were carried out using the following materials and methods.

Cell Culture

Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from a single donor were purchased from Cambrex (Walkersville, Md.). The cells were propagated in EGM-2 medium, consisting of a basal cell medium with 2% FBS, growth factors (hbFGF and VEGF) and antibiotics (gentamicin/amphotericin B). The cells were subcultured according to the supplier's instructions: Once the cells had reached sub-confluence, they were washed with HEPES buffer solution and trypsinized. The trypsin was then neutralized with trypsin neutralizing solution (TNS; Cambrex, Walkersville, Md.), and the cells were collected and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes. The supernatant was aspirated, and the cells were resuspended in fresh medium. All the cells used were from passage 3 to passage 6.

In Vitro Cell Viability Assay

To assess the effects of peptides on the proliferation of endothelial cells the viability and metabolic activity of the cells was monitored in the presence of the agent at different concentrations after various periods of time. The colorimetric cell proliferation reagent WST-1 (4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulphonate) (Roche, Indianapolis, Ind.) was used as the substrate in an assay that measures the metabolic activity of viable cells (Ishiyama et al., (1996) Biol Pharm Bull 19, 1518-1520). The assay is based on the reduction of the red tetrazolium salt WST-1 by viable, metabolically active cells to form yellow formazan crystals that are soluble in the cell culture medium.

The cells were cultured as described above and then trypsinized and resuspended in EGM-2 once they had reached 80% confluence. Cell counts were determined using a hemocytometer.

The proliferation assay involved two steps: during the first step, the cells (˜2×10³/well in a 96-well microplate) were seeded without any extracellular matrix substrate onto the microwells overnight (8 hours). The initial cell culture medium was then removed, and the candidate peptides, dissolved in cell culture medium with growth factors and serum, were added to the wells. The viability of the cells was determined after a 3-day exposure to the peptide solution. Each peptide was tested at seven different concentrations: 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 μg/ml and 20, 30 and 40 μg/ml. Each of the concentrations was tested simultaneously in quadruplicate, and each of the experiments was repeated two times. As a positive control (i.e., decreasing viability) 100 ng/ml (0.22 μM) TNP-470 (O-(chloro-acetyl-carbamoyl) fumagillol, a synthetic analogue of fumagillin was applied; 0.46 kDa, provided by NCI) along with the full medium. As a negative control (equivalent to normal viability) the cells were cultured without any test agent in full medium, containing growth factors and serum. The cells were then incubated with the WST-1 reagent for approximately 3 hours. During the incubation period, viable cells convert, in their mitochondria, the red WST-1 to yellow formazan crystals that dissolve in the medium. The second step of the assay involved the quantification of the changes in proliferation by measuring the changes in the color of the metabolized substrate. The samples were read at a wavelength of 570 nm in an ELISA plate reader Victor 3V (Perkin Elmer). The amount of color produced was directly proportional to the number of viable cells.

Monoclonal Antibody Neutralization Assay

In the monoclonal antibody neutralization experiments the endothelial cell proliferation assay was repeated in the presence of varying concentrations of monoclonal antibodies against specific receptors. The endothelial cells were seeded overnight in 96 well plates in full growth factor and serum medium. The medium was removed and replaced with medium containing different monoclonal antibody solutions for beta1 integrins (R&D Systems, MAB17781) alphavbeta3 integrins (R&D Systems, MAB3050), CXCR3 (R&D Systems, MAB1685), CD36 (BD Pharmingen, CB38 (NL07)) and CD47 (BD Pharmingen, B6H12). The cells were incubated for two hours with the antibody solutions. After the two hours the peptide solutions at different concentrations were added in the wells. As a control a set of cells was incubated only in the presence of the monoclonal antibody solutions and without any peptides. The cells were incubated for three days and a cell viability estimation was performed similarly to the proliferation assay.

Isobologram and Combination Index Calculation

The proliferation experiments described above were carried out with peptide combinations. In the combination experiments, the cells were seeded in 96-well microplates using the same cell density as described above, i.e., approximately 2000 cells per well. The cells were allowed to attach overnight (6-8 hours) in full growth factor and serum medium. The full medium was withdrawn and a solution of a single peptide was applied in dose response concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10 and 30 μg/ml. These solutions were prepared and applied in growth factor and serum free medium. After two hours the solutions of the first peptide were withdrawn and the solutions of the second peptide were applied in a growth factor and serum free medium. The concentrations at which the second peptide was applied were the same as the concentrations of the first, i.e. in the case that the first peptide was applied at 10 μg/ml, the second was also applied at 10 μg/ml. In addition to the combinations each of the peptides was applied alone for reference. After twenty-four hours the WST-1 dye was applied and the number of live cells was estimated by the optical signal. Dose response sigmoidal curves for a condition “i” were estimated by fitting the data to sigmoidal Hill curves of the type:

$\begin{matrix} {E_{i} = {\left. {E_{i}^{\max} \cdot \frac{D_{i}^{n_{i}}}{D_{50,i}^{n_{i}} + D_{i}^{n_{i}}}}\rightarrow D_{i} \right. = {D_{50,i} \cdot \sqrt[n_{i}]{\frac{E_{i}}{E_{i}^{\max} + E_{i}}}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$ where E is the effect of the condition “i”, in this case the fraction of dead cells, E^(max) is the maximum observed effect, D is the corresponding dose that yields effectiveness E, D₅₀ is the dose at which half of the maximum effectiveness E^(max) is observed, and n is the Hill coefficient.

Combining a peptide x with a peptide y and D_(x) ^(combo) is the applied peptide x concentration in the combination experiment and D_(y) ^(combo) is the applied peptide y concentration in combination then due to the set up of the experiment, at each experimental condition D_(x) ^(combo)=D_(y) ^(combo)=D^(combo). In order to construct an isobologram, a graph of equally effective dose pairs (isoboles) for a single peptide effect level (Chou et al., (2006) Pharmacol Rev 58, 621-681):

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{D_{x}^{combo}}{D_{x}} + \frac{D_{y}^{combo}}{D_{y}}} = 1} & (2) \end{matrix}$ In the denominator D_(x) is the dose for D_(x) ^(combo) alone that inhibits the proliferation by effectiveness E and D_(y) is the dose for D_(y) ^(combo) alone that inhibits the proliferation by the same effectiveness E. Also D_(x) ^(combo)=D_(y) ^(combo)=D^(combo). Solving equation 2 for a single dose:

$\begin{matrix} {D_{x} = \frac{D_{y} \cdot D^{combo}}{D_{y} - D^{combo}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$ After substituting the dose response of the combination D^(combo) with the corresponding sigmoidal equation 1 as fitted by the experimental data, equation 3 becomes:

$\begin{matrix} {D_{x} = \frac{D_{y} \cdot D_{50}^{combo} \cdot \sqrt[n_{combo}]{\frac{E_{combo}}{E_{combo}^{\max} + E_{combo}}}}{D_{y} - {D_{50}^{combo} \cdot \sqrt[n_{combo}]{\frac{E_{combo}}{E_{combo}^{\max} + E_{combo}}}}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$ The isobologram is the plot of these concentrations that the effectiveness of an agent alone is the same as the effectiveness of the same agent in combination, E_(combo)=E_(y) thus equation 4 becomes:

$\begin{matrix} {D_{x} = \frac{D_{y} \cdot D_{50}^{combo} \cdot \sqrt[n_{combo}]{\frac{E_{y}}{E_{combo}^{\max} + E_{y}}}}{D_{y} - {D_{50}^{combo} \cdot \sqrt[n_{combo}]{\frac{E_{y}}{E_{combo}^{\max} + E_{y}}}}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$ But the effectiveness for y alone is defined according to the Hill equation as:

$\begin{matrix} {E_{y} = {E_{y}^{\max} \cdot \frac{D_{y}^{n_{y}}}{D_{50,y}^{n_{y}} + D_{y}^{n_{y}}}}} & (6) \end{matrix}$ Thus after substituting equation 6 into 5:

$\begin{matrix} {D_{x} = {D_{y} \cdot D_{50}^{combo} \cdot \frac{\sqrt[n_{combo}]{\frac{E_{y}^{\max} \cdot \frac{D_{y}^{n_{y}}}{D_{50,y}^{n_{y}} + D_{y}^{n_{y}}}}{E_{combo}^{\max} + {E_{y}^{\max} \cdot \frac{D_{y}^{n_{y}}}{D_{50,y}^{n_{y}} + D_{y}^{n_{y}}}}}}}{D_{y} - {D_{50}^{combo} \cdot \sqrt[n_{combo}]{\frac{E_{y}^{\max} \cdot \frac{D_{y}^{n_{y}}}{D_{50,y}^{n_{y}} + D_{y}^{n_{y}}}}{E_{combo}^{\max} + {E_{y}^{\max} \cdot \frac{D_{y}^{n_{y}}}{D_{50,y}^{n_{y}} + D_{y}^{n_{y}}}}}}}}}} & (7) \end{matrix}$ In order to graph the isobolograms we calculate for each D_(y) the corresponding D_(x) and plot the D_(x) vs. D_(y) pairs.

The isobolograms are a special case for the combination index equation as introduced by Chou and Talalay (Chou et al., (1984) Adv Enzyme Regul 22, 27-55). The generic equation for the combination index calculation is expressed:

$\begin{matrix} {{CI} = {\frac{D_{x}^{combo}}{D_{x}} + \frac{D_{y}^{combo}}{D_{y}}}} & (8) \end{matrix}$ If CI<1 the drug combination effect is synergistic; if C.I.=1 the drug combination effect is additive; whereas if CI>1 the drug combination effect is antagonistic. In Vivo Tumor Xenograft Models

A population of 10⁶ cells were washed twice in PBS and gently resuspended to generate a single cell suspension. The cells were mixed with Matrigel (BD Biosciences) in a final 60% cell solution. Subsequently, the cells were injected into the flank area of immunosuppressed nude mice in a total volume of 100 μl. Following growth incubation of 5 to 6 days, the tumor size volume was calculated by measurements of tumor dimensions with calipers. Tumor growth was monitored to an initial average size of 100 mm³, which developed within 6 days after inoculation. Peptides were administered once a day, intraperitoneally (i.p.), in doses of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg. In the case of testing a combination each peptide was injected in a two day cycle of a different peptide per day. Equivalent volume of PBS solution was injected as control. The injections were continued for up to 14 days. A total of six animals per group were used for the experiments per peptide per concentration.

Other Embodiments

From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that variations and modifications may be made to the invention described herein to adopt it to various usages and conditions. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the following claims.

The recitation of a listing of elements in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single element or combination (or subcombination) of listed elements. The recitation of an embodiment herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

The following International Patent Application No. PCT/US2006/035580, entitled COMPOSITIONS HAVING ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY AND USES THEREOF, which was filed on Sep. 12, 2006 may include related subject matter, and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

All patents and publications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each independent patent and publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In particular, the sequence of each of the individual NCBI reference numbers listed in Tables 1-10 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated peptide or analog thereof consisting of a sequence having at least 85% amino acid sequence identity to: (SEQ ID NO: 2294) Chorionic somatomammotropin LLRLLLLIESWLE, or (SEQ ID NO: 2295) Chorionic somatomammotropin LLHISLLLIESRLE hormone-like 1

wherein the peptide reduces blood vessel formation in a cell, tissue, or organ, and comprises at least one modification.
 2. The isolated peptide of claim 1, wherein the modification is a sequence alteration or post-translational modification that increases protease resistance, biodistribution, or therapeutic efficacy.
 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the isolated peptide of claim 1 in a pharmacologically acceptable excipient.
 4. A kit comprising an effective amount of the peptide of claim 1, and directions for using the peptide to treat a disease characterized by undesirable or excess angiogenesis.
 5. A method of reducing blood vessel formation in a tissue or organ, the method comprising contacting an endothelial cell, or a tissue or organ comprising an endothelial cell, with an effective amount of the peptide of claim 1, thereby reducing blood vessel formation in the tissue or organ.
 6. A method of reducing blood vessel formation in a tissue or organ the method comprising: contacting the tissue, or organ with a vector encoding the peptide of claim 1; and expressing the peptide in a cell of the tissue or organ, thereby reducing blood vessel formation in the tissue or organ.
 7. A method for treating a lung carcinoma in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of the peptide of claim
 1. 